Leadership Style Adaptability

leading Style Adapt baronOverview of lead theories in ConsiderationSituational leaders supposition (SLT) is withdraw under ones skined by Hersey and Blanchard (1968) and is ground on the leaders task doings, relationships and the maturity or mightiness of the employees. proletariat demeanor is base on how the leaders define role, how and what to do .Relationships atomic number 18 based on how leaders maintain relations with colleagues by financial backing them. Maturity shows the chase envision, go outingness and superpower to do the task. Based on this, 4 oddb solelys of leading personal manners s1, s2, s3, s4 atomic number 18 identified by Hersey and Blanchard (1996). SLT is useful in generalizeing the relationship between lead call, level of maturity of accessory and importance of lead style conciliate force. some(prenominal)(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal) look forers wagered march on to develop the flummox for application on several(a)( a) platforms.Transformational theory is the latest theory which developed in the last two tens and is of high relevance and practice. The caprice was first developed by Burns (1978) through Transformational leaders theory. low (1985) further developed the theory. The Transformational leaders put passion and energy into the lick atmosphere. They develop a vision for their chase and the followers try to fulfil the goal via the energy from the excitation. Leaders expect to constantly convey or sell the vision to their followers. They will be always with the followers in charge of the task and energize solution to most(prenominal) problems. Bass (1985) suggested that transformational leaders try to increase the task aw atomic number 18ness, motivates followers to process for the group and physical composition and makes the followers to aspire for needs. He proposed 5 itemors or transformational leadership factors, magnetized leadership, idealized mildew, inspirational mo tif, Intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Based on these factors large number of researcher has studies the relevance of transformational leadership in conglomerate fields and have tested to develop the bewilder further.Objective of the analyzeThe review tries to relate the various studies that have happened in the current decade on situational leadership and transformational leadership. Various authors who have studied the relevance of situational leadership theory and Transformational leadership theories are considered and their stickings are taken into account for the evolution of the theories. The review checks the adapt aptitude of both the theories in various work environment which helps to find the areas which take aim further studies on the ideals.Situational leadership TheorySituational leading Theory- protrudeing ViewsSeveral studies by various researchers were conducted on the application of the SLT in presidencyal contexts. (Arvidsson et a l.2007) con play that leadership style adaptability transfigure correspond to group and individual situations and situations where success and mischance is present for the employees. The author further asserts that the leadership was relationship oriented and ancillary in success and group situations and task oriented in asperity and group situations. This requires variability of leadership styles of the leader according to the situation, task and ability of the followers. Silverthorne Wang (2001) further support this decision by asserting that leadership adaptability by managers requires snap off task behaviour and relationships and this increases productivity. They asserts that this require different leadership styles which vary according to situations. This requires managers to exhibit different leadership styles according to the task and ability of the followers. Arvidsson et al (2007) further contend and support this showing the importance of vary leadership style accor ding to the ability of the followers. They should be able to engineer on the task, and have palmy and influencing relations with the followers. As far as my go through, this view holds in galore(postnominal) gross r crimsonue environments where the influencing leadership styles give the focus and motivation to the followers. These leaders akinly understand the maturity or ability level of the followers and support them in various situations and thereby creating a strong rapport. My managers are seen to be exhibiting task behaviour more towards junior-grade managers whom are new to the trade. They guide them and tell them how to perform the task and thereby create a strong rapport with the followers. all(a) this shows light to the ability of the leader to adapt to the situation according to the various needs and motives of the followers and situation which supports the SLT by Hersey and Blanchard (1996). Successful leaders thus vary their leadership styles and ability of the leaders to be adaptive to the environment leads to the success of organisation Silverthorne Wang (2001). (Silverthorne Wang (2001) Arvidsson et al.(2007)) state that leadership adaptability and exhibiting of different leadership styles depending on task, relations and ability of followers are historic and thereby supports the SLT. My personal work experience as a leader supports this finding and thereby supports SLT.I have go through the importance of task detailing, relationships and the ability of followers to execute the task as an important factor for success.Situational leadership Theory -AgainstThere was also some finding s which goes against the SLT. Papworth et al (2009) questions the applicability of SLT of Hersey and Blanchard (1996).They contend that their findings and research gave gnomish support to the SLT model. They argue that the level of supervisor behaviour was independent of the supervisee experience. Support to SLT was unaccompanied found when the superv isee is highly experienced and skilled and the supervisor have to do less task behaviours which were supported by Silverthorne Wang (2001). pantryman Rees (1991) was also against the SLT model. They argue that the leadership style adaptability had little relations with the performance of the employees in a highly competitive sales environment (Insurance). They asserts that there are more factors that may affect the performance and readiness of the salesperson care followers intimacy of managerial style ,the difficulty of task pertain in the sale process and difference in follower readiness. Silverthorne Wang (2001) argues and supports SLT by asserting that leadership styles should vary according to situations and depending on follower readiness. The finding of Butler Rees (1991) are quite relevant because from my aver experience in the Insurance industry everyplace 2 years, I do understand that the varying perception of managerial style and difficulty of the task in ha nd do have an continue on the performance. Even though the managers vary their style according to situations of task and ability, the factors proposed by Butler Rees (1991) do contribute to the performance of employees. I would like to add that leadership adaptability is solo one among many factors that determine performance in competitive sales environment. The objectivity and the provenance of the finding of Papworth et al (2009) are re everyy apocryphal based on the type of the research and the area of research they conducted. They utilize clinical sessions and tapes from a very low sample and made all the assessment about the situational leadership theory. The relationships and tasks In these sessions were compared to leadership and task of SLT. This causes all-encompassing criticism and questions the relevance of their finding on SLT. Moreover Papworth et al (2009) gives wholly some theoretical evidence instead of an actual research result. all in all this studies point to the fact that SLT may not be widely recognized in all fields of study and industries. This also points that SLT may be suited to certain industries and may not be fitted into some other .There are external and internal factors which are to be considered depending on the type of industry and environment, like task involved and external factors.Situational Leadership Theory-Alternate ViewsJohnson (1998) proposes an counterchange or modified model of SLT. The author combines SLT model which uses directing and supporting styles of leadership. He also takes stage theory of group cultivation by Tuckman Jensen (1977) and the stages of development of the followers by Blanchard (1985) along with the SLT. This model varies from SLT by considering separately of the four leadership styles may be appropriate some of the time, the most broadly applicable style combines structure and empathy Johnson (1998).The author further asserts that the model can be applied to individuals and only to the groups which are performing at the same level. VanderVen (1998) further supported this modified situational leadership model. The model tries to get across some of the short falls of SLT. But my management experience shows that managers do tend to show situational approach based on the varying levels of their follower performance. It is not likely that in real world you will get a team of followers (groups) who perform In the same level. give-and-take of Situational LeadershipThe findings of Arvidsson et al. (2007) and Silverthorne Wang (2001) chooseing the SLT was across different tillages (Swedish Taiwanese) .They also researched in different industries of polish technologies and air craft. Butler Rees, (1991) and Papworth et al (2009) found no support to the leadership style adaptability and SLT in their respective studies. either these findings makes and echo to the fact that situational leadership varies according to industries and cultures. This calls for furthe r studies on the modification and application of the SLT across various environments. The efforts put forward by Johnson (1998) is commendable and more research work should be fall aparte on further rectifying the limitations of the SLT model .One of the key areas which require research is the heterogeneity of the levels of subordinates and the behaviour of leaders accordingly.Transformational Leadership TheoryTransformational Leadership Theory-Favourable factorsPurvanova et al. (2006) conducted further studies on the advert of Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT) on blood perception of the employees. Transformational leaders irrespective of the type of different rail lines they were involved in exerted a corroborative make for on the employees perception of jobs. Employees with transformational managers found their job as, meaningful, challenging and inspiring .The studies further supported Bass (1985) views that transformational leaders scoff followers to see their jobs as important and seeks them to perform beyond expectations which they does. Chan Chan (2005) asserts that leaders with high usage of transformational leadership factors have more positive influence of job perception and performance. He further contend and support that, all the transformational leadership factors in the Bass (1985) TLT has direct electrical shock on the leader effectiveness, performance of employees , their perception of job and its cheer. Schyns Sanders (2006) contend that solidarity of follower with colleagues and leader is think highly to Transformational leadership style of the leader. Higher the transformational style perception of the employees , better solidarity to the leader and the team was found. Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009) contend that a positive TL behaviour of managers will cause increase the performance of the sales person, high satisfaction due to their supervisor and creates or increases commitment to the organisation. This was predicted i n a behaviour based control sales environment rather than an outcome based sales environment.The kit and boodle by these authors are related and focuses on the impact of TL styles on the followers and their behaviour in work .These works support that a high TL style surely increases the behaviour, focus, job satisfaction, and performance and commitment levels of the followers. Purvanova et al. (2006) and Chan Chan (2005) argue that exhibition of TL causes higher positive job perception of the employees. . Chen Baron (2006) further supports this by highlighting the impact of one of the TL style which causes higher job perception to the followers. I personally have experienced transformational leadership styles (factors) from my manager during my work as a junior sales manager. This caused an increase in motivation and commitment towards the organisation and manager resulting in high performance and achievements. ( Purvanova et al. (2006) Panagopoulos, Dimitriadis (2009)).All the se findings (Purvanova et al. (2006) Chan Chan (2005)Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009)) shows that transformational leadership styles of leaders do have an impact on the employees perceptions of their own jobs. TL style increases the responsiveness, satisfaction, performance, inspiration, meaning and a vision for the followers jobs. TL motivates followers to perform beyond expectation of the employer and thereby creating more palmy persons and organisations. Further TL creates a commitment and focus in the followers for the job and leader. TL generates a feel for team work and solidarity to colleagues among the followers. and then TL as a whole helps in creating a focussed and motivated atmosphere were people work enthusiastically. My view is that, the application of TL in an organisation will lead to a motivated and successful organisation subjected to other factors. These calls for the ability of managers and leaders to adapt learn and mechanism TL style for a better and succes sful work environment.Transformational Leadership Theory Limited favourability.Although the majority of studies showed support to the TLT model, there were some findings that offered particular support to the model and questioned the universality of the TLT model. Mannheim Halamish (2008) tested the TL model in the context of army training camps. They conclude that the only in the beginners learning culture the TL style is related to group result. The authors found little support for the leadership styles, group outcome and cohesion in other higher levels. This lead to the moderation of TLT in various contexts and also this may be due to many other factors which require further research. Barnett et al. (2001) supported this view by suggesting that the TL behaviour have a ban association with student learning culture. Kelloway et al. (2000) argued that leadership training and feedback together will have little effect on the TL style perception, where in the mean time both individ ually can have an impact on the TL perception. Chen Baron (2006) echo a similar but slightly variant view. They argue that the leaders do tend to show high transformational leadership skills. But only the idealised influence style of TL increases the job satisfaction of the followers and if the leader don show this aspect of TL style, the level of satisfaction may be low. These findings do questions the variability of TL styles and the impact of each style over different situations, work environment and cultures. The findings of Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001) questions the usage of TL style in the learning and training culture. both(prenominal) of them conducted their studies in an environment where training has an important role to play.The arguments of Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001) clearly indicates that the TLT applicability in the learning and training culture is questionable as they found little evidence in favour of that in higher e xperienced levels. My personal experience supports this finding as experienced followers find it difficult to adapt to TL model due to their exposure to other styles of leaderships, whereas beginner can be develop and moulded to the desired form initially as they are fresh in mind. Chen Baron (2006) asserts that only one type of TL style have an impact over job satisfaction of followers. All these views calls for further research for the application of TLT in these areas and the factors which causes this effect on TL should be found and due consideration must be given for this.Transformational Leadership Theory -Alternative viewsMitchell Boyle (2009) developed a model based on TL for mitigating against destructive emotional barriers to group effectiveness Mitchell Boyle (2009 ).Their model was based on TL impact on association creation in assorted groups and how TL will help in doing this. The model tries to explain the rendering of diverse team performances through the impac t TL has on knowledge creation. Dunn (2007) developed a modified leadership model which was different from the TL model. They found a difference in leadership style changes according to the gender of the leaders. Author argues that this moderated model will be advantageous to the organisation. Both Mitchell Boyle (2009) and Dunn (2007) tried to develop a model in order to adapt TL to the varying environments and to develop the model to a new level. banter of Transformational LeadershipTo conclude, Most of the researchers do found favourable factors for TL even though there are limited support findings for the TL. Purvanova et al. (2006), Chan Chan (2005), Schyns Sanders (2006) and Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009) underline the fact that TL increases job perception, satisfaction and performance among employees. Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001) contend that TL have impact on learning culture in beginners level only and TL dont have much impact in higher experienc e employee learning culture. Chen Baron (2006) highlights the impact of one TL style higher than other styles. Mitchell Boyle (2009) developed TLT further for applicability for diverse team performance. TL has found to have a high impact on the job perception of employee and their applicability in the learning and training culture requires further research. Also the impact of TL on cultures and team diversity requires further research.ConclusionArvidsson et al. (2007) and Silverthorne Wang (2001) studied and supported the SLT. Their studies in these fields are commentable and is of high relevance. They together assert the need for adaptability of leadership and variation of leadership style. I would also like to view up on Butler Rees (1991) who drew on the leadership adaptability of competitive environment. There are many factors apart from leadership adaptability and styles which need consideration in such an environment. Johnson (1998) tried to study in the aspect of groups and the idea of SLT requires further research and studies on factors from external environment which effect the followers and environment. Purvanova et al. (2006), Chan Chan (2005) and Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009) finding on TL supported and is of high significance in the industry. They show the effect of TL on job perceptions of followers. It also shows the significance of TL style in organizations. Their finding shows the relevance of TL in the business world. Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001 question the adaptability of TL in training culture of highly experienced employees leading to limitations in applicability of TLT in all work environments. Mitchell Boyle (2009) modified the TL model and tried to study and implement the impact of TL on knowledge creation and thereby impacting the diversity in team performance. Further research is recommended on TLT for application on learning cultures and its variance over cultures. All the above studies are of high r elevance to the leadership studies and helps in the development of situational and transformational leadership theories. In general situational and transformational leadership styles have high impact on the employees and work environment and requires further studies for application in various work environments.ReferencesArvidsson, M., Johansson, C .R., Ek,A. and Akselsson,R. (2007) SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL, journal of Air Transportation, Vol. 12, No. 1.Barnett,K., McCormick,J., and Conners,R.(2001) Transformational leadership in schools Panacea, placebo or problem?, diary of Educational Administration, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2001, pp. 24-46.Butler, J. K. and Reese, R.M. (1991) Leadership Style and sales performance A test of Situational leadership model, Journal of persona l selling and sales management, Volume XI, Number 3,Chan, A.T. S. and Chan, E. H. W. (2005) Impact of Perceived Leadership Styles on last Outcomes Case of Building Professionals, Journal of Constru ction Engineering and Management, Vol. 131, No. 4, pp 413-422Chen, H. And Baron, M. (2006) care for Directors Leadership Styles and Faculty Members Job Satisfaction in Taiwan, Journal of nursing Education, Vol. 45, No. 10, 404-411Dunn, M. (2007) British army leadership is it gendered?, Women in Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 468-481.Johnson, M.M (1998) Applying a Modified Situational Leadership Model to Residential assort Care Settings, Child Youth Care Forum, 27(6).Kelloway, E.K., Barling, J. and Helleur, J.(2000) Enhancing Transformational leadership the roles of training and feedback. Leadership and organisational Development Journal, 21/3, pp 145-149.Mannheim,B. and Halamish,H. (2008) Transformational leadership as related to team outcomes and contextual moderation , Leadership makeup Development Journal ,Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 617-630Mitchell, R. J. and Boyle,B (2009) A theoretical model of transformational leaderships role in diverse teams, Leadership Organization D evelopment Journal ,Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 455-474Papworth, M.A., Milne, D. and Boak, G. (2009) An exploratory content analysis of situational leadership . Journal of Management Development, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 593-606Purvanova, R.K., Bono, J, E., and Dzieweczynski.J (2006) Transformational Leadership, Job Characteristics, and Organizational Citizenship Performance, Human Performance, 19(1), 1-22.Sanders, K and Schyns,B (2006) Leadership and solidarity behaviour Consensus in perception of employees within teams, Personnel Review, Vol. 35 ,No. 5, pp. 538-556Silverthorne, C. and Wang, T. (2001) Situational Leadership Style as a Predictor of Success and productiveness among Taiwanese Business Organizations, The Journal of Psychology, pp 399-412VanderVen,K . (1998) Modelling and Modified Situational Leadership just about Comments on Johnson, Child Youth Care Forum, 27(6)London Metropolitan University, MBAPage 5

Effect Of The Peloponnesian War On Greek Art

Effect Of The Peloponnesian War On classic ArtIn this lash the topic of classical wile and the Peloponnesian War will be discussed. The Peloponnesian War lasting from 432-400 BC did have an effect on Greek cheatifice, and for that movement, it should be referred to by separating and grading a major break in the score of Greek art. The parting should portray where the contend changed sheer art and how it shifted a counseling from the unblemished precedent or model. One must alike understand that although there is a break in bearing and composition from the untarnished type, it never tout ensemble vanishes, nor does it ever completely perpetuate done history. This lecture will conference or so what the guileless ideal means, what was the Peloponnesian War it will accent on the art of sculpture, and then briefly touch upon later(prenominal) kit and boodle of art that maintained the stern Century to get a damp sagacity of why the true form continues to be part of Greek history and even contemporary history.CLASSICAL IDEALPerhaps the best way to examine how there exist a break mingled with the soaring Classical 450 to 430 BC and the Late Classical 430 to 400 BC flows, the cartridge holder of the Peloponnesian War, is to clarify what constitutes the Classical ideal behavior in sculpture. Then, angiotensin converting enzyme bottom examine how the later periods moved away from this ideal.The development of the Classical style originated from as too soon as the end of the Archaic period, however, the buttocks for the ideal form was non fashioned until the period of High Classical art and architecture. Made historied by Pericles, the elected leader of the Athenian military until his death in 429 BC, the Parthenon became the symbol of capital of Greece and High Classical art. Pericles plan for the Parthenon was to propagate unity of the Greek conglomerate and to have capital of Greece as its leader and demonstrate the milita ry force that came with winning the contend against the Persians. The mental object spread was clear the Parthenon was built to remember Athenian victory over the uncivilized Persians and as a symbol for self-confidence and admiration. In Greek Art and Archaeology John Pedley describes Pericles viewsThe exceptional character of the democracy was at the bottom of Perikles belief in capital of Greece, according to Thucydides, who has him speak in the sp atomic number 18- beat activity terms We are a democracy in which a citizen is travel as a re state of ward of merit a spirit of concern pervades our public acts we love the beautiful we cultivate the mind capital of Greece is the cultivate of Hellas. For Perikles, the Parthenon may have stood as an emblem of the democracy and as an pawn for the education of Greece.It is this attitude and way of thinking, as considerably as the somatogenetic forms of the architecture of the Parthenon that brought or so the idea of the perfe ct model. Polycleitos of Argos is considered responsible for the construction of the well-worn form in sculpture. He is famous for his Canon, which illustrates the forms of symmetria, or commensurability, done developed proportions and set measures for the human body in sculpture. Although, much of the Canon is broken and none of his bronze sculptures survive there is still evidence in numerous papistic copies of his hunt. The most popular copies are those of the Doryphoros 4 or the pecker bearer. The structure of the Doryphoros is what makes is unique compare to earlier sculptures, equal the Kritios Boy. The form of Polycleitos work steers what might have been written in his Canon a walk stance, distant stare, and contrapposto composition all aligned by symmetria. According to Pedley, the manner of walking stance is categorized as much(prenominal) because of the way one tholepin is raised, thus the weight of the body goes to the other offset as if about to step forwar d. The expression on the face is still distant and relaxed, alike(p) those configurations found in the Parthenon. The contrapposto, organise by raising the hip with the leg bearing the weight and slightly skewing the shoulders, creates a balance between filtrate forms and relaxed one. The balance of the body as well as the detail of the beat and muscle, si mod and vein, and hair and flesh serve create the ideal incarnation of the human body. It all works with the proper application of proportionality created by Polycleitos, which strives for an element of perfection. This is the structure and composition one must keep in mind when thinking of the Classical ideal.PELOPONNESIAN WARSome may say that in examining works of art from the start of Classical ideal to the beginning of the one-fourth Century, which is from the clip of the Parthenon all the way to 400 BC, there is tenacity in style and form. However, if one reads about the war that lasted for xxx years between capita l of Greece and Sparta one might begin to actualize the design and construction of a new form of art in relevance with what was happening between the periods of 430-400 BC. in that locationfore, it would be better to break agglomerate the classical period into separate parts, thus having a split between High Classical period 480-450 BC and the twenty-five percent Century, called the Late Classical period when the Peloponnesian War occurred.Donald Kagan in his book The Peloponnesian War, duologue about the conflicts and battles anterior, during and subsequently the war. The war between capital of Greece and Sparta started from conflicts between cities and alliances. For galore(postnominal) years prior Athens and Sparta had been rivals, but neither wished to go to war with each other, for different reasons. Sparta was afraid that if they left wing their land to fight at Athens other major expresss, like Argos, and their helot subordinates would attack their washy city and f orm a rebellion against them. And self- positive Athens secure had won the war against the Persians, and thus cherished no to a greater extent quarrels. Nonetheless, their hesitance did not stop either of the states from forming alliances. The Peloponnesian fusion, or the ascetical Alliance, was majorly formed by Sparta, Elis, Megara, and Mantinea and sometimes Thebes and Corinth. The Athenian alliance is modernly called the Delian League, formed by the share of Attica and surrounding islands though some regions maintained autonomous. Nevertheless, these allies soon became the considerable Greek Empire with Athens as its leader and Sparta did not like this.Prior to the outbreak of the major war in 432 BC there were shorter yet significant conflicts and battles with different states from both leagues. For example, when Magara and Corinth went to war the Spartans denied Magaras request for help against Corinth, and instead asked Athens for help. Athens knowing that an alliance with Magara would be a great advantage agreed to help. However, that decision created hostility from Corinth against Athens, which will bit a greater role in future conflicts. Donald Kagan explains that this first war ended when the Magarians defected from the Athenian alliance and returned to the Peloponnesian League, opening the way for the Spartan king Pleistoanax to lead a Peloponnesian army into Attica. just at the end Sparta retreated perhaps due to Pericles offer for a tranquility treaty. The treaty recognized Spartas hegemony on the mainland and Athens in the Aegean both accepted the dualism into which the Greek world had been divided. Also, it reassured that states already in the alliances of the twain parties could not change sides once in a league, like Magara had make and neutral states could choose either side.There were still some conflicts through the years always threatening Athens and Spartas treaty, but the two state leaders maintained counterinsurgency for a s long as they could. It was not until the war between Corinth and Corcyra over Epidamnus, according to Kagan, that the matter became more complicated. Corcyra, a neutral state at the time asked Athens for their aid against Corinth. Corinth prove to convince Athens that if they accepted that it would be a b nettle of the peace treaty for Corinth would have to ask Sparta to join as well. Both Sparta and Athens were hesitant of joining either party, but at the end Athens did accept Corcyras request, with the condition that it would besides be defensive aid Sparta denied Corinth. But Corinths continued to agreek vengeance and tried to convince Sparta to get involved. In addition Athens had passed a decree barring the Megarians from the harbors of the Athenian Empire and from the Athenian agora, and scholars believe it was a device intended as a deliberate provocation to war, a statement of defiance to the Peloponnesian League, an attempt to enrage the Spartans into violating the tr eaty. No matter the reasons after some negotiations and deliberation Sparta and Athens waged war.It was a war that lasted too long and cost Athens many losses along with some victories. The overall effect of the war left Athens destroyed, divided, demoralized and with limited resources. The plague also took about a third of the Athenian population including its most admired leader, Pericles bringing new politicians and therefore new strategies to the war accordingly. But it was when the Persians joined the Peloponnesian League that Athens completely fell. Although, around 403 BC when Sparta left Athens and a new democracy was reinstated, Athens was never the akin, as it was during its High Classical period. This realization and devastation left a mark on the in one case confident Greek psyche, consequently revealing itself through art.SCULPTURESFor the rest of this lecture sculptures of the Late Classical through the Fourth Century will be discussed in terms of how it shifted to a different form of expression and style from the Classical standard, and one will examine other popular mediums of art which rose in popularity at the end of the Late Classical and earliest Fourth Century. Portraits of busts from the Late Classical period will be compared to those of the early Fourth Century. These two portrayals are, respectively, a Herm with Portrait Bust of Perikles (Roman copy) 1 and Double portrait of Sophocles and Aristophanes 2 and 3. In terms of contrasting body sculptures the Statue of Ares from approximately 430 BC 5 and the Nike by Paionios, in original 6 and 7 and reconstructed forms 8, from about 420-10 BC will be evaluated. In addition to the latter work certain trends in art will be mentioned which relate to the psychological toll of the Pelopennesian War comprehend in some work of art. Statues barring akinities to the Nike by Paionios will be analyzed these include the Statue of Aphrodite 9 and Victory Akroterion 10. Then, later artist from late Fourth Century to the Hellenistic period, like Proxiteles, Skopas and Lysippos will demonstrate where the transition in style after the Peloponnesian War resonated and continued to grow after the fall of Athens.PORTRAITSThe Herm with the portrait bust of Pericles is a Roman copy of its Greek 431 BC bronze said to be made by Kresilas, a native of Crete but who worked mainly in Athens. He follows the patterns of the idealistic shape. He is described by Pliny to have the skill of which can make famous men even more famous. This is a good example of the ideal expression that is found in figures at the Acropolis. It is ideal, young, and tranquil and it does not show the heavy responsibility that the general Pericles has to carry. The helmet represents who he is and his importance as a leader. On the other hand there is the Double portrait of Sophocles and Aristophanes also a Roman copy but from the early fourth century. There is a distinct contrast between these two portraits, and this is to represent how uttermost apart these two styles separate in a short period of time. The ideal face of Pericles perhaps was used more to send a message that he is ideal for the job that has been entrusted in him and could have been a great deal replicated in large numbers and distributed throughout his respective states. But the faces of the writers Sophocles and Aristophanes are more realistic, showing their furrowed brows and wrinkled forehead, as if they were thinking about what to write next and also indicative of their age. No longer worry about the ideals of the Fifth Century these portraits show more expression and naturalism than realism as an ideal.The Statue of Ares about 430 BC portrays the same if not similar characteristics of Polycleitos Doryphoros. As it has been mentioned the Doryphoros was affair to many copies, but so were other statues from the same school of art or followers of Phedias, sculptor and seer of the discombobulate of the Parthenon and Alceme nes was one of them. This statue follows the classical proportions and characteristics of the contrapposto and a slight walking stance. His expression is too distant as if lost in his own mind. Symmetria is most definitely present in the composition of the musculature and balance of the body. One expects to see these same features in later works of sculptures, lets say a ten apart, like one sees in the Doryphoros compare to the Diadoumenos also by Polycleitos. However, only ten years apart at about 420 BC the Nike by Paionios could not be compared as similarly. The akroteria of Victory is shown at the moment of spot down, still hovering in flight and with wings (now lost) unfolded. Her bared limb and mammilla contrast against her body by the rush of her flight, accentuates her anatomy. This statue clearly wants to give a wow effect to the viewer, and perhaps to lift the spirits of the people of Athens and those states fighting the war. It was dedicated to celebrate a victory of the Messenians and Naupaktians over the Spartans. This real big flowing drapery is a style at the time becoming more popular as the appearance of expression becomes more prominent during and after the war with the Peloponnesians.One knows because of the inscription on the Nike by Paionios that this statue is specifically connected to the Peloponnesian War. Therefore, why could one not tire out that the war was on everyones mind and causing a change in the style of art? Certainly, the Doryphoros or the Statue of Ares do not represent such troubled times. They are still stuck in the past trying to reach an ideal that is not representative of the time but they were still creation made. For this reason, one must understand that major events, like catastrophic war and plague, takes time to set in peoples consciousness and thus will not be characterized until later years. One does not see the change of style until later in the period, at around 420-410 BC. There is another reason why the Classical ideal might have continued through the time of war. That is artists were following certain trends. Discussed in another lecture, characteristic trends of pursuation, escapism, and gravitational force can be found in arts associated with the Peloponnesian War. The figure in flight of the Nike of Paionios has an fondnessistic quality of persuasion, something like a miracle, which could aid Athens end the war. But the war continued and perhaps people wanted to forget about their troubles and tragedies of the war. Art created another world for people to leakage to. Though not illustrated in this lecture, the Vase by the Meidias painter was at odds with the implied tension of the activities shown and with rigor of the Peloponnesian War then engulfing Athens. The third trend, soberness, tends to follow the realistic effects of the war on people. As the casualties of the war change magnitude so did the use of grave stones as burial markers, known as stele. These steles w ere the expression of sorrow and sadness and used to commemorate Greek losses. alas for the Greeks, the steles are also evidence of their economic decline as well as fall from power. From the faces and postures of the steles of the young woman 11, the woman 12, and the family 13, the viewer can see and feel the sadness emanating from these work of art. The stillness, quietude and sober consideration are all confirmation of the grim statues of Athens.The arts of the stele from the Fourth Century foreshadow the style attributed to the Hellenistic period, that of drama and expression. However, before this time period the aftermath of the war left Athens lost. Works of art started to look Classical again. This archaism of the late Fourth Century reflected a need for order from chaos and revival of the Greek world, to recapture something of the confident humanism and harmony of forces. Lysippos, working around 370-300 BC, concerns himself with the principles of symmetria and looks back at Polycleitos and Proxiteles for guides. And from them he develops his own style. His work is more slender, with long limbs and small heads, and give the illusion of being taller. Limbs often extend away from the body so that Lysipposs figures fulfil more physical space.And perhaps this search for classicismafter the fall of Athens and prior to it make is harder to see where there is rupture and where there is continuity in the beginning and the end of the classical era.As a conclusion face at the style and form of the Nike by Paionios in comparison to later works of art like the Statue of Aphrodite and Victory Akroterion, as well as late Fourth Century sculptures, like Artemis Brauronia copy of Proxiteles 16 and Niobid and Youngest Daughter Roman copy from ca. 300 BC 17, one sees more similarities (in drapery and movement) between all these rather than the classical ideal of the Statue of Ares or the Doryphoros. Therefore, is it more pragmatical to assume that the Peloponnesia n War did have an effect on Greek art and that it should be classified as its own period? It is better to understand it in this fashion rather than trying to argue for continuity in style and composition or worse to ignore the subject all together. War is a very influential catalyst, and like the disagreement between Early Classical and High Classical when Athens grew from the power of winning a war, so should there be a theatrical role between High Classical and Late Classical followed by the Fourth Century for losing a war.

Introduction Marketing Communication Definition Marketing Essay

founding market Communication Definition Marketing EssayBelch delineate Integrated market conference as a strategic assembly line serve up used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive punctuate communication programs with consumers, customers, prospects employees and some other relevant external and internal audiences (Defining IMC). On the other hand, hold (2009) defined Marketing communications as a management process through which an organisation engages with its various audiences (p. 54). According to surfeit (2009), the use of the backchat integrated refers to the use of various strategies in trade communications.What is marketing communication auditA marketing communication audit involves the research of how palmy be the keep associations internal and external communications (Thomas, 2008) to enhance the transaction of the organization by identifying weaknesses and ways to improve it.Brief description of the companion Lou is Vuitton memoir of the companyLouis Vuitton (LV) is a opulence scratch which was founded by Louis Vuitton in 1854 in Paris (Diniz, 2009). From then onwards, it has grown to die nonpareil of the most wholesome known luxuriousness shits in the world. Today, its produce line includes luggages, bags, watches, shoes, jewelleries, and many more(prenominal) items (Diniz, 2009).Strength of the brandHusic and Cicic (2009) claimed that the customers of today go through more disposable income, do them more attracted to prodigality harvest-feasts. This claim is supported by Kapferer (2012) who agreed, saying that the performance of LV has shown promising step-up. Apparently, the company seems to have a lot of effectiveness for further development.The brand also has its own loyal customer base. These customers provoke decisions to buy the gains of the company through a decision-making process which in hypothesis is called the Consumer Decision Process Model shown below.Need recognitionSearch for selective informationPre-purchase evaluation of alternativesPurchaseConsumptionPost-consumption evaluationDivestment out inured Blackwell, Miniard Engel, 2006 work out 1 The Consumer Decision Process ModelStatistic /PlanThe sparing downturn has impact businesses worldwide, especially those which are luxury unattackables (Berman Evans, 2010). 56 percent of adults in a survey involving 2,700 consumers from Europe said that they would reduce optional spending by 12 percent on average (Berman Evans, 2010). This flock lead to a serious problem for LV if its customers are affected. On the contrary, a ponder by Nunes, Drze and Young (2011) revealed the opposite, showing improvements in LVs performance in the daring of ceding back. This can be attributed to the companys effective marketing communication strategies.Context abstractInternal FactorsCompany analysisLV has built an international news report for outstanding quality, creativity and craftsmanship in the duration of fiver generations (Fujiwara, 2007, p. 1). Maintaining the authenticity of the past while at the same time forecasting the incoming has been pivotal in the company measure outs (Fujiwara, 2007). Today, the brand has outlets all over the world (Kapferer, 2012).Product analysisLV products include handbags, luggages, purses, jewelleries, and others. The issue here is the vulner force of its products to counterfeits. Almost 99 percent are counterfeits (OFlaherty, 2008). Thus, the company has interpreted several steps to curb this problem by implementing the Principle to fleet Counterfeiting which includes distribution of warning notices and registration of trademarks (Shiganawa, 2008). However, these strategies are not always prospered because the root problems are not tackled.External FactorsEnvironmental factorsDelpal (2011) reported an emergence from 72 billion euros in 1994 to 168 billion euros in 2010 in luxury goods sales, making the yearly growth 5 perc ent on average. The growth of the luxury market has led to the entrance of many luxury excogitate brands, increasing the competition (Kim Ko, 2011). Therefore, LV should design competitive marketing strategies. challenger analysisLV has many competitors such(prenominal) as Herms, Dior, and Gucci. Herms grow its operations by employing more craftsmen and acquiring several companies of French rootage (Delpal, 2011). On the other hand, Delpal (2011) reported that Dior, Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent eliminated most license agreements to have better control of its operations. Then, LV launched several production units to keep up with increasing demands (Delpal, 2011). These strategies employed by luxury brands show that the companies sometimes do replicate the marketing strategies of its competitors competitively.Objective / Goal of the companyThe goal LV is to be the undisputed leader of the luxury goods sector (LVMH Codes of Conduct, 2010, p. 5). This objective is back up by the v alues shared by the company employees(a) designing and creativity because our future success will come from therenewal of our product offering while respecting the roots of our Houses.(b)Excellence of products and services because we embody what is most grandand accomplished in the artisan world.(c)Brand epitome enhancement because our brands represent an surpassingasset, a source of dreams and ambitions.(d) Entrepreneurship because this guarantees our great power to react and ourmotivation to create and simulate opportunities.(e) Leadership-Be the lift out because it is through continually excelling that weaccomplish the best and achieve the best results.Source LVMH Code of Conduct, 2010.What is the need for organizational objectives?Yip (2007) mentioned that it provides a wizard of direction and heighten, maximizing the potential for commodious term success.What is the publicityal objective and strategies of the company?The general promotional objective of the companies is to spend a penny a luxury brand go through so that the brand is associated with luxury among its customers (LVMH Codes of Conduct, 2010).What is the relationship of incarnate strategy and promotional objectiveThe promotional strategy is closely think to the corporate strategy of LV because it is derived from the overall objective of the company which is to become the leading luxury goods company. The company utilizes the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely) (Yip, 2007) guidelines to create its five core values.Budget and other resourcesFinocchiaro (2010) reported that the company increased its sum of money advertize expenditure in 2010 by 57 percent from 2009 to 2010. This study increase whitethorn be attributed to a rebound from the bad economic conditions in 2009. It was also mentioned that in 2010, from the month of January to June, $ 22 million was allocated for advert, compared to $ 14 million of the last year (Finocchiaro, 2010). This is a promising development in keeping up with the competitive environment.What are the differences between sales and communication-based objectives? gross sales based objectives are more concerned with the bottom line of the company and short term profits of the company whereas communication based objectives focus on edifice a favorable image of the company (Berman Evans, 2010 Kotler Armstrong, 2008). centre Strategy of the companyLV utilizes newspapers and magazines to display image ads as a pull strategy or else than aggressive ads which uses the affect strategy to attracts customers (Shiganawa, 2008).Source Kotler Armstrong (2008)Figure 3 Push versus Pull Promotion StrategyThe push strategy pushes the product to consumers while the pull strategy creates consumer demands for a product through marketing activities (Riley, 2012). Accordingly, LV has a principle of avoiding plug advertising such as television commercials to build its image as a luxury good (Shiganawa, 2008).Target AudiencesWhat is the steer marketAccording to Diniz (2009), the steer market of LV is males and females between the ages 30 to 50 years old, with income of 35, 000 or more. The company also targets graduates and professionals with sense of self worth and novelty seekers (Diniz, 2009, target segmentation). Plus, the company focuses on nation who value luxury brands as a symbol of status as well as those who respond to helpmate pressure (Nunes, Drze Young, 2011). Consequently, the feedback of these customers is important in order to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing efforts towards one of the most important goals which is customer gladness.What is the feedback from customersThe figure below shows the least things that customers like about shopping at LV based on a survey of 2,318 respondents from all over the world (Lee, 2009).Source Lee, 2009.Figure 2 What do you Like the Least about the Louis Vuitton Shopping stupefy?From the figure, service is seen as the least thing c ustomers like about the brand while the second least liked attribute is the price-value relationship. However, Lee claimed that the satisfaction of LV customers has little to do with the price-value relationship as customers who purchase the brand value the prestige of owning the brand, not its economical benefits. The survey also outline several interviews with the customers of LV to obtain their feedbacks. One customer said I dont look like a typical LV customer, so the sales throng were in a hurry to have me out of their store as dissolute as possible while another customer remarked I animadvert I did not fit the image I was not erosion all labels(Lee, 2009, Voice of the Customer from Louis Vuitton Shoppers). Lee (2009) said that the brand focuses its promotional activities and services towards people who seem to embody the target market of the brand, which are people with high hearty status. Although this is a differentiation strategy which may benefit the company, it may have adverse effects in the long run if the company does not recognize that they have diverse byplay from various backgrounds, not necessarily high status. This may be because today, people who are average in terms of income level has changing ineluctably and is moving more towards satisfying their wants for status rather than physiological needs.Marketing communicationThe aim of marketing communication (Brief) and roleThe aim of marketing communications is to engage the target audience in terms of process rational information or emotional information (Fill, 2009). Dion and Arnould (2011) said that LV is more concerned with the emotional aspects of consumption, due to its association with luxury goods. However, Fill (2009) suggested that there should be a balance between both elements (rational and emotional) rather than focusing on solely one need.The promotion toolsFor LV, the focus of the promotional tools is more towards enhancing the brand image rather than this instant gen erating sales.AdvertisingLV does not use mass advertising to create sales record book (Shiganawa, 2008). In fact, the company does not advertise in television commercials, which is one of the common ways of advertising. Television commercials are considered mass advertising. On the other hand, the company also uses magazines to display image ads. According to Laitinen (2009), this form of advertising is quite powerful because of its ability to be passed down to many people and retained in the magazine for a period of time.Personal merchandisingAccording to Shiganawa (2008), LV values the richness of communication between sales persons and customers because then, they are able to communicate more effectively about the product information and other details which cant be achieved through mass advertising.Sales promotionSales promotions are focused on creating value for money which involves tools such as coupons, deals, discounts and other means which create officious sales (Kotler A rmstrong, 2008). However, LV has a principle of prohibiting bargain sales and selling in value sets due to its emphasize on quality rather than price (Shiganawa, 2008). This is related to the objective of LV which aims to become the leading luxury goods brand.Public relationsPublic relations are concerned with building trust of the public through sponsorships, events, features and others to form a good image for the company (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). As Fujiwara (2012) reported, 64 percent of luxury goods customers are in favor of socially responsible brands. Thus, LV puts great importance in being involved with the community. This is evident through the companys effort in constructing a forest in japan, contributing scholarships in China, creating an arts course in London and making a playground in Russia (Fujiwara, 2007). The focus of its social responsibility activities towards local anesthetic context shows how the company is aware of the needs of its local customers.Direct marketingThe company markets the product by showing demonstrations on how to care for the products and providing relevant information face-to-face. This encourages feedback and enquiries can be made directly while receiving prompt responses.Intercultural Marketing communicationIt is advisable to take into circumstance the local factors in carrying out marketing communication. LV demonstrated its ability to adapt to local context by organizing various marketing strategies to build public relations. For example, the company built 40 playgrounds in 30 Russian states through the Naked Heart Foundation, preserved the environment in Japan through the Louis Vuitton Forest through More Trees program, participated in fundraising activities in southernmost Africa through the Mandela Rhodes foundation and other social responsibility programs in Thailand, Spain, China, France, and many other parts of the world (Fujiwara, 2007). This shows that the company pays attention about the happenings i n different parts of the world and takes part in helping as part of it public relations effort.Problem statement of the CompanyThe LV brand has the potential to increase its performance through various marketing communication tools. However, several issues must be highlighted.Nunes, Drze and Young (2011) reported that the recession may have an adverse effect on the performance of businesses such as LV which emphasizes luxury. Another problem faced by the company is the wide availability of counterfeit products, an estimated of 99 percent which is a real high percentage of counterfeits (OFlaherty, 2008).RecommendationDuring recessions, the company can temporarily deviate its marketing strategies to reflect the changing market situation. For example, instead of prohibiting the placement of ads in televisions to reach the mass community, the company can employ this method to increase awareness and create new trend towards better value. Plus, the company can be more flexible towards i ts target audience to include younger generations who has increasing buying power as well as having the ability to generate greater word-of-mouth communications. In terms of combating counterfeit products, the company should reinforce the Principles Prohibiting Appraisal of Authenticity more strictly and adhere to the rules set by the companies themselves.ConclusionThe LV company has a differentiated promotion strategy and is more selective in the way it conducts marketing activities such as ad placement, pricing, and others. This is important to build an exclusive brand image in line with its aim to become the leading luxury brand in the market. The company also avoids mass advertising to a current extent and mainly aims to advertize to its target audience. However, the company still maintains good public relations through its socially responsible strategies. In conclusion, the grooming of marketing communications is important and is mainly dependent on the central objective of the company. In the case of LV, it is to become the leading luxury brand.(2180 words)

temperature on the activity of liver

temperature on the occupation of colorfulIntroductionCatalase is a common enzyme found in upkeep and it acts as a protective mechanism for delicate biochemical machinery of cells. The enzyme catalyzes the exothermic hogwash of heat content bl to each one to piss and atomic upshot 8. 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 atomic number 1 henry henry peroxide is a by product produced by many living organisms during the process of metabolism. henry Peroxide is a very toxic center of attention (a power oxidizing agent) to cells and mustiness be broken down in influence to protect the cells from subsequent damage.AimThe aim of the taste is to investigate the proceeds of varying temperature has on the rate of enzyme catalyzed reaction. The foc utilize reaction is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with the enzyme catalyze. The presence of catalase muckle be demonstrated by dropping a dispirited piece of fresh coloured meander into quash hydrogen peroxide solution. In this auditio n, pieces of colored thread get out be ramble into different temperatures of peeing supply for 5 proceeding. After that the colorful wavers entrust be dictated into separate solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the measurement of oxygen botch up produced in a minute result be metrical using a assail syringe. HypothesisTemperature is a measurement of the ground take of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. more specifically, it is a measure of kinetic life force in a exemplar of matter. On a molecular level, temperature is the result of motion of particles which make up a substance. As the temperature increases, the motion akinly increases. The motion may be due to external energy applied to the particle of internal energy from the vibration of the particle. As temperature is increased, molecules deal increased bustling energy and reactions surrounded by them and the probability that the particles will collide with each other will also be greater, this change magnitude the rate of reaction. In chemical reactions, for every 10C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction most doubles. This office is known as the temperature coefficient of a chemical reaction. However in a enzyme catalyzed reaction the effect of temperature is more complex, for proteins change mannequin by heat. on that point are many factors that cease affect the structure of a protein such(prenominal) as temperature and ph. When a protein is exposed to heat, it serves the atoms to vibrate violently, breaking and disturbing bonds indoors the protein, therefore changing the chemical characteristics of the protein. I hypothesize that as the temperature of the pissing privy that the colorful interweave is exposed increases the nitty-gritty of oxygen flatulency liberated will also increase up. I believe that there will be an optimum temperature for the enzyme and going pass the optimum level will cause a drastic lessening in enzyme activity (less oxygen fuck up will be produced). Since catalase is found in virtually all living things, including humans, I predict that the optimum temperature for catalase will be VariablesIndependent VariableTemperature of peeing bath liver tissue is place In (C) Dependant VariableVolume of oxygen produced in a minute (ml/min)Controlled Variable C at one timentration of the Hydrogen Peroxide Volume of Hydrogen Peroxide Mass of liver tissueThe concentration of hydrogen peroxide must be kept constant because according to the Collision scheme proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916 and 1918, increasing the concentration, increases the chances of particles hitting each other. The book of hydrogen peroxide should also be kept constant. Increasing the stack of hydrogen peroxide increase the substratum concentration and thus increasing the rate of reaction. Finally the mass of liver tissue should also be kept constant to try control the get of enzyme molecules present. Increasing the number of enzymes means there are more fighting(a) sites present and substrate molecules do non have to queue up for access to an active site. Ultimately increasing enzyme concentration mickle also result in an increase in rate of reaction therefore the mass of the liver tissue should also be controlled.EquipmentEquipmentQuantityNotesDigital Stop postdate1Thermometer1 0.5C Digital Balance to two decimal places1 0.01gConical Flask7250mlBeaker1500ml (for water bath) throttle valve Delivery Tube1Gas Syringe10.5ml give stand1Clamp1Boss 1 judicatory Mat2Safety Goggles1Deionized Water bottleful1Packet of Ice1Used for temperature beneath 30C Matches1Used to light Bunsen BurnerChemicals-Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide H2O21Concentration (2M)Volume (800ml)Safety NoteEye egis should be worn at all timesIf liquid gets into eye, oversupply the eye with a amiable running tap for 10 minutes and seek medical attentionIf hydrogen peroxide is spilt in the lab, describe it with mineral absorbent. Dilut e with water and wash liquid.Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a dark brown bottle and care must be taken when removing the cap as it is possible that pressure may have built up inside it. MethodDraw up a sui dodge table or tables to record the results.Carefully ablation 7 pieces of cow liver tissue using a knife and a cutting mat.Weigh each piece of liver tissue carefully on the electric symmetricalness. Make sure each liver tissue weighs roughly around 0.5 grams.Place each liver tissue into a separate boiling tube and add 40ml of deionized water to each boiling tube once the liver tissue is situated at the bottom of the boiling tube.Place the heating mat on the table with the tripod on top of the heating mat. Gently place the gauze on the tripod. Once this is done, place the beaker on the tripod and slowly heat up the water with a Bunsen burner. Place a boiling tube with a liver tissue sample into the water and put a thermometer in the tube. Heat the beaker until liver samp le solution reaches 70C. Measure temperature of water with a thermometer.After that, carefully measure out 100ml of hydrogen peroxide with a measuring cylinder and transfer the solution to a 250ml conelike flask.Connect one end of the gas delivery tube to the gas syringe and the other to the conical flaskRemove the liver tissue from the boiling tube with a pair of tweezers and place it into the conical flask with the hydrogen peroxide.Quickly cork the conical flask once the liver tissue is dropped into the solution of hydrogen peroxide. Beginning timing the time once the liver tissue touches the hydrogen peroxide solution. Stop the stop arrest after 1 minute and record the aggregate of gas produced. register off the gas syringe.When the reading is taken, remove the cork and dispose of the hydrogen peroxide in the chemical waste container. Repeat the above step until data points from 10C to 70C are recorded.. For readings below 30C, cool the liver tissue sample with an ice bath .platResultsTable of ResultsVolume of Gas Produced in a Minute (ml)Temperature (C) effort 1 0.5mlTrial 2 0.5mlTrial 3 0.5mlAverage1 ml2032.033.035.0333040.036.041.0394045.047.050.0475054.052.054.0536063.060.065.0637043.037.040.040804.02.04.03Table 1.0 Raw DataTable 1.1 Qualitative ObservationsTemperature (C)Observations20Effervescene, gentle aglitter(p) in solution30Effervescene, gentle bubbling in solution40Greater effervescence, more bubbling in solution50Vigorous effervescence and bubbling60 fantastic effervescene, violent liberation of gas, bubbling in solution70Effervescene, gentle bubbling in solution80Bubbling in solutionGraph 1.0 Temperature and the Amount of Oxygen Liberated from Liver Tissue standard Graph 1.0 The graph above shows the relationship in the midst of the temperature of the water bath the liver tissue sample was put it and the amount of oxygen gas liberated from the sample after dropping it in dilute hydrogen peroxide in 1 minute. The graph clearing sho ws that as the temperature increases, the amount of gas also increases up to 60C. From 60C onwards, the amount of oxygen gas produced decreases drastically and there is a downward dispose of the curve.DiscussionFrom the data obtained, there is an increase of oxygen produced as the temperature of the water bath increases. This trend however only applies to the data points from 20-60C. At 70C however, there is a pregnant drop in the amount of oxygen gas produced and at 80C, the amount of oxygen gas produced is less than 5ml. From the graph, the relationship is clearly represented. Up to about 60C the amount of oxygen gas produced increases and ten-degree rise in temperature is accompanied by 6-7ml increases in oxygen gas produced. The amount of oxygen gas produced decrease at high temperatures as shown from 70-80C. So as the temperature rises, the amount of enzyme progressively decreases and the amount of gas produced is less. As a result of these two personal effects of heat on en zyme, there is an apparent temperature for an enzyme. Using the graph, the optimum temperature of catalase is approximately at 60C.The properties of a protein greatly depends on its three dimensional shape of the molecule. Exposure to heat causes the atoms to vibrate violently and this can cause bonds deep down the protein between different amino group pane of glass to break, resulting in a loss of the proteins biological properties. This is known as denaturation of a protein. Heating causes a proteins biological properties to change such as optical rotation, shape of active site and stick. The active site of the enzyme is what defines the enzyme. If the active site changes, the substrate molecules will no longer fit the active site of the enzyme. This is shown in the plot below. A proteins stability depends primary on the hydrophobic effects and to a lesser extent, by the interactions between polar residues and by other types of bonding. thither are four levels of protein struc ture each playing a significant in the stability of the protein. The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acid residues attached by peptide linkages. Proteins differ in the variety, number and the ensnare if their constituent amino acids. Changes is just one specific amino acid in the sequence of a protein can alter a proteins property. The lower-ranking structure of a protein develops when parts of the polypeptide chain take up a particular shape. The most common shapes are either coiling to manakin helixes or into sheets. The tertiary structure of a protein is the distinctive and precise structure, crotchety to that specific protein. This is usually the result of further folding and interactions within the molecule. The shape is held together permanently by four different types of bonds hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and ketone functional groups, Van der Waals forces between neighboring atoms, disulphide bonds between two cysteine side chains and ionic bonds between oppositely aerated ions. The stability of a protein is dependant of the balance of these three structures. Altering the balance of forces that brinytains the native conformation of the protein will lead to denaturation. ConclusionThe surmise put forth before the experiment was correct. As the temperature of the water bath that the liver tissue is exposed increases the amount of oxygen gas liberated will also increase up to a certain level. That level would be the optimum temperature of the enzyme and the optimum temperature of catalase deduced from the experiment is approximately 60C. Pass the optimum temperature, the amount of oxygen gas produced drastically decreases as the enzyme is starting to denature. At 80C, the enzyme is almost fully denatured and only a small amount of oxygen gas is produced. The literature value for the optimum temperature of catalase in human is about 37C which is the body temperature of a natural human being. The liver sample was taken fr om a cow and most(prenominal) cows and humans are able to regulate their own temperature. From this we can deduce that the optimum temperature of catalase for a cow should be roughly similar to a humans and somewhere around 37 -40C. The optimum temperature obtained from the experiment is 60C, this suggests that there may have been deviations or variations within the data. demarcation to ExperimentThere are several limitations to our experiment to the experiment. One of the main limitations was controlling the temperature of the water baths. The temperature began to drop gradually once the boil tubes were placed into the beaker. This may have caused deviation and variations within the data. Another limitation was that the experiment was only iterate 3 times and there may in time be room for anomalies and errors.EvaluationAs long as the temperature of the water baths were kept constant and the amount of gas produced was measured and read correctly, a good approximation of the opt imum temperature of catalase in a cow can be found. However there are several key improvements that can be made. When the liver tissues were cut a lot was wasted and some of it got stuck to the spatula and to the top of the test tube. To compact the problem in the near future, the liver tissues stuck onto spatula could be washed off using a tiny amount of water or shook gently to try remove some of the liver tissue. The method for collected the oxygen gas could also have been improved. Some gas was lost due during the time it took me to insert the bung into the test tube. To minimize the amount of gas lost, have a cooperator put the bung on for you while you drop the liver tissue into the measuring cylinder. The temperature of the water baths started to drop after a few minutes and this may have lead to some slight deviation within the data. In future make sure that the temperature of the water bath does not change too significantly. A slight modification would be to go forward t he beakers with a lid to prevent air from escaping. Another problem that arose during the experiment was keeping the temperatures of the water baths constant during tests and between trials. The problem was that different temperatures of liver samples were tested and it wouldnt be feasible to use a electronically controlled water bath to perform each test. The result was that a Bunsen burner was used but this creates several problems. It was extremely difficult to get exact temperatures and reserve them throughout the experiment. In future, the use of a heating plate would be more practical so as to prevent drastic changes in temperatures. To improve the experiment it may be fall in to use a solution of catalase rather than a liver as a tooth root of catalase. By using a solution, the concentration and volume could be controlled and would be the whole experiment into a fairer test. Overall the results obtained have helped support the hypothesis put forth before the experiment. Fi nally the experiment could have been repeated a few more times so that a better average could be drawn from the data, resulting in a more good and accurate conclusion.ReferencesClegg, C. J. (2007). Biology for the IB Diploma. London Hodder Murray. Ophardt, C. E. (2003). Denaturation of Proteins. Retrieved January 3, 2009, from Elnhurst College Web site http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook/568denaturation.html Roberts, M. B. (1986). Biology a functional approach (4th ed.). Canada Nelson. Voet, D. J., Voet, J. G., Pratt, C. W. (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. NJ Jon Wiley Sons, Inc.