Hamlet Act Iii Climax Essay

In The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Shakespeare uses personification, allusion, and a rhetorical question to advocate that the climatic moment of Act III is when King Claudius admits to the murder of King Hamlet because, by definition, it is the act that turns the action of the scene around, leading toward an inevitable conclusion. Shakespeare uses personification when King Claudius says that â€Å"[his] offense is rank, it smells to heaven† (line 36). Claudius’ guilt of killing his very own brother, King Hamlet, is constantly on his conscious, which is why he gives the â€Å"offense† the trait of a rank smell, something whose presence is constant and putrid. The purpose of personifying Claudius’ â€Å"offense† to have a smell that reaches to heaven is because Claudius is aware that heaven is where King Hamlet’s spirit lies due to his own fault, and his admit to the murder will drive the scene to an inevitable conclusion because he has released key information to a driving mystery in the plot line. Shakespeare makes a biblical allusion to Abel and Cain in lines 37-38 of the play when Claudius says that his â€Å"offense [†¦] hath the primal eldest curse upon’t, / A brother’s murder! †. Shakespeare is atoning that murder is never outdated; no matter the era or the place, the murder of a brother by a brother is never acceptable in the eyes of society or God. This allusion purposefully informs us that King Claudius did kill his brother, King Hamlet, as a warning that falling action concerning Claudius’ unforgivable acts is to proceed. Claudius rhetorically asks, â€Å"O, what form of prayer / Can serve my turn? † (lines 51-52). Claudius’ asks this with the knowledge that there is no form of prayer that would serve his turn because his acts were unforgivable and he must face the consequences for them. Rhetorical questions are always immediately answered, whether directly or indirectly, and King Claudius’ question is consequently to be answered via the falling action that is to proceed after his soliloquy. In King Claudius’ soliloquy in Act III he admits to the murder of his own brother, the late King Hamlet, while also admitting that it is unforgivable, giving the act nowhere else to turn, but to conclusive consequences to King Claudius’ faulty actions.

Elements used in Raisin in the Sun Essay

Lorraine Hansberry’s Raisin in the Sun is a monumental play in the theatrical world. Produced in 1959, it became the first play written by an African-American woman to hit the stage and was later nominated for several Tony Awards. The play touched many controversial themes of the time including racial discrimination and poverty. The design of Raisin in the Sun, including scenic, costume, lighting, and sound elements, were crucial to developing the plot and emphasizing these themes. All of the elements are vital to the message and audience interpretation of the production, and overall, the Playmakers Repertory Company executed them well. The scenic design of a play is arguably the most important element of a production. It is what sets the stage and puts both the characters and the script into context. In Raisin in the Sun, the set, including scenery and props, helped define the characters, allowing the audience to get a feel for the setting and time period. Most importantly, the scenery developed the line of the play—the space in which the Younger family had to live—which was strategic to developing plot conflict. The Younger family lived in a small, run down apartment that emphasized their social class. To name a few, the wallpaper was discolored, the living room couch was old and musty, and the only visible bedroom to the audience was merely big enough for the bed. Travis, the son, was forced to sleep on the couch, and it was unclear how much space was upstairs where Beneatha, the daughter, and the Grandmother, Lena, slept. The design of the apartment played to the overall conflict within the family; the desperation to escape poverty only intensified within these cramped quarters. Although, the characters managed to deal with their living situation, it caused tension to build within each member of the family, which was a crucial part of plot development. The lower class feel of the house honed in on Walter Lee’s burning desire to get into business and climb the social ladder. The less-than-luxurious surroundings seemed to amplify his unhappiness when he entered the room, allowing the plot to build along with the tension in the house. In addition to scenery, the props strategically placed around the housed illustrated the family’s cares and values. Throughout the room, the audience could see many picture frames. However, the two that were predominately displayed were a picture of Christ hanging over the front door, and a picture of Lena’s deceased husband that stayed on a table in the living room. These props emphasized importance the Younger’s placed on family and religion, which came up many times throughout the production. The entire family lived under one roof, looking after one another and making ends meet, together as a whole. In addition, the plot centered around a life-insurance check from the death of Lena’s husband. This kept the element of religion present since he was deceased and in the eyes of Lena, watching over the family. Both the design of the apartment and the detail of the props within it gave the audience a greater understanding of the deep-rooted values and conflicts of the family. The costume design of Raisin in the Sun went hand-in-hand with the scenery and props. The realistic clothes of the Younger family further described a family of lower class, although not an untidy one. Each day, the members of the family would dress for work or school as well as they could, which illustrated the pride the family carried. This enormous pride stemmed from an important theme within the play: overcoming racial discrimination. Lena dreamed of escaping the busyness of Chicago, and bought a house in a white neighborhood with the hefty check from her husband’s insurance policy. Her pride kept the family afloat and was their only defense against the discrimination they faced from the area. Furthermore, each character’s costumes fit their personalities. While Lena, Ruth, and Walter Lee were usually dressed in working clothes, reflecting their family duty, Beneatha dressed in more modern clothes, illustrating her character as a free-spirited college student. One day she would wear girly skirts and flowery designs, the next she was going back to her roots wearing African garments and sporting natural hair. The costume designers successfully captured each character’s personality as well as keeping the image of pride apparent through the character’s choice of clothes. In addition to scenic and costume design, every play must have specific lighting. This sets the mood of each scene, giving the audience a better feel of what is happening within the plot. For the most part, the lighting within the apartment was warm and dim, giving the setting a homey and somewhat relaxed feel. However, the dimness of the light also played upon the unhappiness that stirred within the family during certain scenes. These moments of lighting kept with the realistic aspect of the play. However, there were times of unrealistic lighting meant to enhance a scene. When Beneatha was dancing to African music and Walter Lee came in and joined her, the lighting became jungle-like. The reds and oranges along with the images of palm frons surrounded the two, carrying them away from the real world. Although this would never happen in real life, it was apparent the lighting was illustrating what was going on in their minds, showing the desire to escape their current troubles. The second and only other time of surreal lighting was when Walter Lee had his breakdown and then moment of clarity near the end of the show. The entire set went dark except for a spotlight on him. This choice in lighting was appropriate for such a somber scene and drew the audience in even more. The times of abstract or unrealistic lighting did not take away from the realness of the play. Instead, it enhanced the scenes to the benefit of the audience. The last element of design that affected the play is the sound design. Obviously the show had typical sound effects—doors slamming for emphasis, Beneatha playing African music, etc. —that decorated each scene as it unfolded. However, there was a significant aspect to the sound design of this particular production. Throughout the play, the characters would turn on the radio and interviews and other recordings from the 1960s would play over the speaker. Some of these included Lorraine Hansberry speaking about the nominations and winning the Tony and discussion of civil rights movements of the time. Some may think this was distracting, but it anchored the play within the time period. This allowed the audience to get a better feel of what was happening during the era and highlighted the major theme of racial discrimination within the plot. All in all, the production of Raisin in the Sun was a success. Yes, this is highly due in part to the excellent skill of the actors. However, without stagecraft, a play cannot be complete. The elements of design produce a world that actors could never create on script alone. In the Playmakers Repertory Company’s production of Raisin in the Sun, the scenic, costume, lighting, and sound design worked cohesively to enhance and develop all aspects of the characters and plot. The provocative themes of escaping poverty, chasing dreams, and overcoming racial discrimination were illustrated brilliantly by tremendous execution of the elements of design and an impressive performance by the acting company.

Air Bud Essay

Air Bud Essay Air Bud is not like any other kids movie. With a touching story line and clever effects, Air bud is a movie anyone can enjoy regardless of age and gender. Symbols play a surprisingly interesting role in the movie, Air Bud. One case of symbolism is the church courts representation of Josh. When Josh primarily discovered the church court shortly after moving into the area, the church court was chaotic and disordered, similarly to Joshs feelings. After transforming the church court, Josh thrust down the fence and broke through his own barriers. Josh rediscovered something hidden under layers of leaves-himself. Within himself, or rather, the church court, Josh also found his father and Buddy. Joshs father was always watching over Josh even though the body wasnt there physically, and Buddy filled gap left by the father in Joshs life. In the church court that symbolizes Josh, Josh found not only himself but his dad and Buddy. The first identification of the dog that Josh found in the church court, the piece of cloth, became a symbol of Buddy. The cloth was dirty and torn when Josh found it in a bush. However, by the time Joshs mom found it, the cloth was clean. This corresponds to how Buddy was dirty and unwanted when Josh first found him, but under the care of Josh, Buddy became clean and loved. The love is evident when Joshs mom put the clean cloth beside the picture of Josh with his dad. Buddy was a part of their family. Similarly to Joshs dad, Buddy was also forced to leave for a period of time. Josh mended the cloth which symbolizes Buddy, a member of Joshs family. One aspect of Buddy that Josh could not completely heal was Buddys fear, shown through newspapers. Buddys deep fear and distrust in humans resulted from being abused with newspapers in the past. In an attempt to hide his fear, Buddy buried the newspaper each morning. Fear, however, returns regardless of how well you hide it. The source of fear-Norm Snively-appeared after Joshs mom found the buried newspapers. Therefore, instead of continuing to avoid fear, Buddy surpassed his fear at the end of the movie when he tore apart Norms newspaper. The newspaper symbolizes the fear Buddy learns he cant avoid. The church court, the piece of cloth, and the newspaper are some symbolism effects from the movie, Air Bud. The director produced the movie with impressively decisive and insightful details. Watching Air Bud once is not enough to understand the full depth of the movie.

Best Self Exercise Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Self Exercise - Coursework Example I remember one time when I graduated high school and about to enter college, my parents strongly suggested that I go to the university near our community because it was easy to access and most of my friends were already enrolled in that university. However, my goal was already set and I was determined to go to a different university my parents opposed to. I wanted to go to a different university certainly not because I wanted to defy my parents but because I trust myself that I could perform very well if enrolled in the university where the course I wanted was offered. I thought that I could be a better person and successful professional if I would be provided the chance to decide for myself. I was indeed fearful of leaving most of my friends behind and being somewhat far from my parents, but I thought of the kind of development and learning process that a new educational environment could bring me. I saw the opportunity of meeting new people, experimenting more about life all by mys elf, and just simply allowing myself to metamorphose into a more mature and responsible individual. To cut the story short, I took my chances of enrolling in the university I wanted, regardless of its consequences, because I knew myself and I was confident enough that I could do it no matter what. Most probably, what makes me confident and daring enough to take chances is the fact that I do not fear to fail. Most people would stay in their comfort zones and not undertake things or decisions they are unfamiliar with because they do not want to fall short of their expectations. What they do not realize is that they learn more each time they fail. They become even stronger and more capable each time they are unsuccessful. I believe that failing is an inevitable part of life, and the best way to deal with it is to accept it and learn something from it. My positive and happy disposition in life also contributes a lot to my confidence and boldness. I am the type of person who strongly dis likes a routine and boring lifestyle. I do not like doing the same things at the same place and time the rest of my life. I am always hungry for adventure. I believe that there is so much about life that I have to explore myself. I do not want to miss the opportunity of trying out new things, especially those that I truly desire, and discovering what I am really capable of. Having said this, I always make sure that I stay responsible for my actions and do some life experimentations for my welfare. Life is so much fun, beautiful, and colorful but it is up to us how we live our life wonderfully. At the end of the day, I do not want to feel regretful of the things I did not do that is why I always try to do what I desire and savor the experience. Name of the 10 people who provided feedbacks: 1. Nicole Grabenhorst - friend 2. Alexander Neumeyer - neighbor 3. Mia Johnson - schoolmate 4. Maria Holzerland - friend 5. Valerie Lopez - friend 6. Addison Page - neighbor 7. Dashiell Williams - neighbor 8. Cheryl Cullin - friend 9. Linda Harper - friend 10. Tameca Aniban - schoolmate From: Nicole Grabenhorst To: (your name) Subject: RE: Feedback Request One instance where I saw you at your best was when you did bungee jumping with me. I knew it was something you never tried before, but with no hesitation you jumped and just had fun. I thought you were so brave. Another instance was when some

International Arbitration Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Arbitration - Dissertation Example A research in the existing corpus of international arbitration law had been undertaken to find a suitable answer to the aforesaid questions. The second requirement consisted of selecting bibliographical and article databases. The best one for this purpose was the Milli Kutuphane, the official website of the national library of Turkey, which consists of one of the richest collections of Turkish sources and sources around the world. Some problems were faced in providing Turkish sources and endeavor was made to find Turkish sources in English. The only Turkish sources were written by Yeslirmak. As such, the Turkish sources were avoided so far practicable.The third requisite in literature review according to Fink (supra) is choosing search terms. Both Boolean search and browsing have been used to find out the sources essential for this research. Search for the names of some of the leading authors in the field of international arbitration and some authors who were known before, had been c onducted, which gave valuable sources.The fourth and fifth requisites were the application of practical screening criteria and applying methodological screening criteria, which is to find out what is important for the research and what sources may be irrelevant. In order to determine whether a source is dependable and reliable, certain considerations had to be made, which were the determination of the following questions: does the source cite primary sources? What can be told about the author? How old are the sources?... bibliographic or article databases, choosing search terms , applying practical screening criteria, applying methodological screening criteria, Doing the review and synthesising the results.5 The same approach had been taken to conduct the research. The first requirement according to Fink is to select the research questions. In doctrinal research the questions are found from a search for law which are applicable in a given set circumstances.6 In the present case, the questions that were required to be answered were: who (arbitrators or tribunals or both of them) can adjudge to interim measures? What kind of interim measures are valid at international arbitration? By whom and how adjudged interim measures applied, how should be their performance?7 A research in the existing corpus of international arbitration law had been undertaken to find a suitable answer to the aforesaid questions. The second requirement consisted of selecting bibliographical and article databases. The best one for this purpose was the Milli Kutuphane, the official website of the national library of Turkey, which consists of one of the richest collections of Turkish sources and sources around the world. Some problems were faced in providing Turkish sources and endeavour was made to find Turkish sources in English. The only Turkish sources were written by Yeslirmak. As such, the Turkish sources were avoided so far practicable. The third requisite in literature review according to Fink (supra) is choosing search terms. Both Boolean search and browsing have been used to find out the sources essential for this research.8 Search with the names of some of the leading authors in the field of international arbitration and some authors who were known before, had been conducted, which gave valuable sources.

Entering the Conversation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Entering the Conversation - Essay Example & Monroe, D. Food and philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 2007. Print Allhof and Monroe’s book gives a very enlightening and also refreshing exploration on how philosophy can go about conversing about food and the activity of eating. There are various chapters that focus on a certain aspects of food and philosophy. Aesthetics and ethics cover certain themes and issues that involve the matter of food and eating. Aesthetics would try to expound on the nature of the good taste and refined experiences of eating food and what qualifies a dish to be wonderfully delicious. Ethics would speak on how eating should be done accordingly for the good of an individual. Each chapter in this book deals with such different themes and issues, and is written by various contributing authors from different fields related to the food culture and even life science. Iggers, J. Who needs a critic? the standard of taste and the power of branding. In F. Allhoff & D. Monroe (Eds.), Food an d philosophy (pp.88-100). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 2007. Print This article written by Iggers speaks on what is the standard of food that would consider it be of â€Å"good taste† and also the effects of branding that would affect the criteria of such standards. Being a food critic himself, Iggers expounds the reasons and the mindset as to what would make an individual a person of good taste and have a refined palate for food. Since not everyone has the sensitive tongue and taste buds to without experience and learning it is important that a good food critic develop good taste by going through a more critical and refined manner of enjoying and understanding food more than just a mere necessity for survival. King, R.J.H. Eating well: Thinking ethically about food. In F. Allhoff & D. Monroe (Eds.), Food and philosophy (pp.177-191). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 2007. Print. King wrote this article on how an individual should ethically conduct himself or h erself in the activity of eating and to consider the nature of eating. King expresses that the reasons why an individual should eat properly because it has its effects much larger in scale for both an individual and for the environment around. For an individual, good health is the reason why eating well is important. The reason why a balanced diet exists is to promote proper nutritional intake and balance for a person when he or she eats. Having too much of eating is just as bad as not eating. Parasecoli, F. Hungry engrams: Food and non-representational memory. In F. Allhoff & D. Monroe (Eds.), Food and philosophy (pp.102-114). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 2007. Print. Parasecoli’s article takes reference from a neurologist turned chef by the name of Miguel Sanchez Romera. Parasecoli is an Italian food and wine critic expresses his fascination on how the flavor of food can be associated with the human brain’s ability to remember things or store memory. In thi s article, Parasecoli gives an explanation with regards to Romera’s research that different flavors of food have different effects to a person’s ability for memory association as well as emotional association. The taste and flavor of food can at times represent various emotional memories to a person since the mind would associate it with either an experience or sentiment. Shelley, J. The concept of the aesthetic. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-concept/. 2009. Web The article

American Muslims in the United States Research Paper

American Muslims in the United States - Research Paper Example This means the rest of the population could be Muslims on temporary visits and residence in the country. In as much as this diversity has an aesthete, a deeper scrutiny reveals It is essential to highlight of the notable factors that have influenced movements of Muslims from the Middle East to the US. To begin with, Arabs, as Muslims, have pursued education in the Western countries. This thrives on the belief that the Western countries have better educational structures and systems than home countries. In addition, economic incentives such as job opportunities and a dynamic investment platform attracted the Arabs. Emigration could also be explained by the wars and instability in the Middle East. The core character of this migration has majorly contributed towards the misconception of Muslims. To begin with, a common stereotype describes Muslims as only Arabs (Sirin and Fine 198). This belief ignores the fact that the Muslim community is a culturally diverse population. For instance, there are South Asians, Arabs, and African Americans in the Muslim community. Indeed, around 60% of US born Muslims are African Americans (Bayor 19). In spite of the excessive illuminated attention towards the Arab Muslims, African American Muslims have existed since the days of civil rights movement. Malcolm X, an activist for African Americans’ right, is one of the most conspicuous of this outfit (Abdullah 11). In addition, these groups have diverse styles of worship that are unique to their unique ethnic identity. It is crucial to highlight that the stereotype and misconceptions about Muslims is largely a media and commercial-driven phenomenon. Americans mostly drive their preconceptions and misconceptions from the films and commercials that portray Muslims in give ways. To begin with, films and commercials significantly portray Arabs as Muslims and portray

Two topics to choose from Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two topics to choose from - Research Paper Example However, although each of these factors are salient and must be considered, the fact of the matter is that the degree and extent to which media consolidation has taken place within the past several decades is, at least within the mind of this author, the greater threat. Moreover, media consolidation cannot be understood merely through the lens of but a few news organizations representing the news to the citizen; rather, it must be understood as but a handful of media moguls controlling any and all information concerning global and/or regional politics. Such a situation is necessarily dangerous and diminishes the degree and extent to which the citizen is able to make an informed decision concerning the events that are taking place in the world around them. Further, it is the belief of this author that the narrowing of the media and the consolidation that has taken place within this past several decades has created situation by which but a few media conglomerates control upwards of 85% of newsprint and television media within the nation. When one considers the case of radio, the percentage is somewhat smaller; however, massive media firms such as Clear Channel are not far behind this troubling figure. Beyond merely creating a situation in which corporate interests are directly translated to the viewer by powerful companies, this narrowing and consolidation of the media also presents a situation by which the government could potentially find it quite easy to influence upon the way that a particular story and/or stories are related to the viewer/listener/reader (Stoll, 2006). Due to the fact that powerful corporations operate in close cooperation with the government (seeking to leverage tax breaks, contracts, and further competitiveness), the ease by which the government could offer a particular benefit to one of these firms and present the news in a particular way is profound and troubling. Evidence of this has recently been noted by the way in which the New York Times has reported on a litany of different stories and oftentimes briefs the administration prior to printing any of these scoops (Kawashima, 2011). Although it is unfair to target the New York Times alone, such a practice is not constrained to this media entity. Naturally, the call of national security is oftentimes leveraged as a means of stating why the press should confer with the administration and/or government prior to reporting on a particular story, a situation by which the press and the media operates in direct conjunction and cooperation with the government is the complete inverse of what the founding fathers initially prescribed within the First Amendment. A host of recent studies indicates that the American populace is becoming less and less informed with regards to global issues. Although it is not fair to blame been narrowing of media and/or the consolidation that is been experienced over the past several decades, it is fair to state that these realities have not hel ped to broaden the understanding that Americans have with regards to a particular news story or item of importance. In short, what can be understood by the reader is the fact that a free press

Tourism policy assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism policy assignment - Essay Example The first step is to understand the socio-economic framework (or development philosophy) within which the industry operates. To this end, what is the underlying philosophy that governs the development of tourism in your policy area Why is it necessary to have this information when devising policy (Please provide the diagram and the explanation.) The west London tourism policy is developed keeping in view of the developing the overall standards of the society. The global slump in the tourism industry due to a series of issues like the 9/11,the Sars and mad cow diseases has created new challenges and decreased the tourist inflow both domestic and international. The increase in competition between nations has poised new challenges for tourism development in UK. The national authorities have had a daunting task of locating the regional vide inequalities in the services and infrastructure. The centre immediate challenge is to extract various local concerns and develop or encourage a regional policy for individual policy development. The West London tourism development being one of the major aspect of tourism development has created an interest. The key developments like the population growth, the decrease in the manufacturing jobs, the increase in the demand for the services and business functional job have create new challenges. The growing population are in need of infrastructure which is an essential component of the tourism development. The more and more shopping facilities and other amenities create an ideal ambience for a distinct life style. The decentralization of the governance and providing more representation will open up new opportunities. The authorities had highlighted some key factors that could be most influential in making the West London as a renowned tourist organisation. The west London tourism organisation having important tourism and sports facilities had to capitalize on the events like Olympics lined up in the future. The U K tourism department in line with global demands has evolved a strategic policy to chart out various tourism enhancing initiatives for various affiliated tourism governing bodies . The key factors are the enhancing the economy in the west London region Creating a congenial atmosphere in West London Enhancing the living standards of the people and encouraging the social equality among the residents. The West London tourism policies support the national vision of enhancing the value of the tourism in London and in UK and create a prosperous society with overall socio-economic

Violent character Essay Example for Free

Violent character Essay Abigail starts off in the play all innocent, but as the play progresses she becomes a more violent character. Shes had an affair with John Proctor and wants him, but he wants to stop the affair altogether, she accuses him of being cowardly Oh, I marvel how such a strong man may let such a sickly wife be. She really doenst want John to stay with Elizabeth so later on she tries to blame her for witchery. She makes the scene really dramatic, and grabbes the audiences attention more in a way of what they think of her now, to what they thaught of her at the start of the play. This man is a newcomer to Salem, an outsider who the people are not very accepting of him. One of the reasons maybe that hes no were near as religious as the people of Salem, for example I have trouble enough without I come five mile to hear him preach only hellfire and bloody damnation. Take it to heart Mr Parris, there are many others who stay away from church these days because you hardily ever mension God anymore. This makes Parris angry, and aroused, he replies with Why, thats a drastic charge!  As the play goes on, in act 1 we learn that Parris is an important man, but also a man with enemies. The Putnams are always trying to find ways of sending him down, they get a great chance when his daughter is accused of being a witch. From this mans language in the play, the audience think of him more as being a respected man, but also one who doesnt want his authority questioned. Reverrand Hale comes into the play towrads the end of act one, he plays a very straight forward man, hes infact a man who knows a lot about witches, thats why Rev. Parris sends for him when Betty is taken ill.  He rises the tension in the play by shouting at the suspected girls who were dancing in the woods, shouting at them to confess about Lucifer.  In The Crucible there has been quite a lot of emotionaly charged scenes , like when Abigail and Proctor were discussing their affair behind the barn building, also theres been a lot of violence and arguments, for example when Tituba was being wipped for being accused of conjuring spirits in the woods, then Abigail was shouting all the bad things what Tituba was ment to have done. There was arguments like when Parris was arguing with Abigail, do you look for wipping, I thaught I saw someone running naked through the trees! and when Abigail says its not true he replies in anger I saw it!. I think the most dramatic scene was when the girls were dancing in the woods because they were all screaming with someone naked, with a chamber pot in the middle where a innocent chicken was sacrificed for the sake of the girls sportin as it were.  There were lots of interrogation scenes like when Rev. Hale was asking the girls who were dancing in the woods, who conjured spirits, he had them all in a line until one of them spoke out and accused Abigail. Abigail replied in anger and strongly denied the accusation. This builds up tension in the scene. Another thing that the audience want to know is if Abigail and Proctor are still sleeping together, further on in the play we find they dont, Its mostly based on Proctor and whether he is to save his life and lie, or go with his concience and suffer the consiquences.  I think what makes the plot dramatic is all the happenings comming at once, like the witchcraft, Abigail and Proctors affair, Betty being ill, Parriss disputes with the Putnams and Tituba being accused and beaten all packed into the opening scene of the play. Another small factor is Abigails dialogue being more and more violent as she gets more annoyed, first she was quiet later shes loud and violent. I think Arthur Miller chose to set the play in Salem simply because it was a very religious community with strong views on witchcraft and the supernatural, so if anything of the sort was to happen, serious problems would occur.  The play is also set in the spring time, which is ironic, and also it maybe a new start for the people, it almost looks like nothing bad would ever happen there, as if its a fairy tale land in a childrens book. Salem was a place where the community was divided between people who done good or bad thing in their life, for example Rev Parris has a faction within the church to drive him out. Sale is also a community split by religious disputes.  Another place is scene 1 which creates dramatic tension is when Rev. Parris in the small room where hes arguing with Abigail, hes almost in prisoned in the small dark room, where outside its bright and sunny. Almost making the audience think that Parris is a harsh, cruel man with something about him. If it started were he where outside, the audiences may have a different view on him. The stage directions help to build the tension in ways which build up towards the heat of the argument (the explosive force crucible), for example when Abigail keeps coming on stage and critisising Goody Putnam. When people come in and out of the play all the time, its not as boring for the audience which makes them want to see whats going to happen next, therefore building up dramatic tension all the way through. Characters appearing in and out of the play at specific times helps the audience build up a picture of what is happening and whats going to happen, they may mension or give clues on where theyre going then return when whether the audience expects it or not, most of the time if the writer of the play wants to create dramatic tension the characters will pop up when the audience leasts expects it. This helps give false expectations of the characters where abouts building up the tension bit by bit. To concude this essay I think think scene one in The Crucible is dramatic because of all the major happenings occur all together in one, action-packed scene, as I have explained earlier on in this essay. I think its a very effective first act because it grabs the audiences attention straight away, even in the first few minutes of the play. Scene one leaves you where you desperately want to see what is going to happen to the characters later on in the play. I think the audiences would have reacted in different ways, when the girls were dancing at the start of the play and Abigail smashed the chiken on the ground getting blood all over her face the audiences would have been quite shocked and even more shocked when they saw a naked woman all this was very dramatic, I think Miller deliberatley wanted the girl to be naked because of this.  Another audience catching scene was when Abigail and Proctor were behind the barn discussing their affair and Abigail said you sweated like a stalion when I ever came near, the audience must have been enthrolled at the thaught they were taking risks on having an affair in such a strict community.

Factors shaping social values and cultural practices

Factors shaping social values and cultural practices Social values and cultural practices are both elements of culture. Social values provide a general outline for human behaviour i.e. they define what is morally correct e.g. right or wrong and what is desirable e.g. good or bad. Values are the abstract standards that define ideal principles in societies or groups (Anderson, Taylor, 2007). Culture is the way of life of a society or group of people defined by their behaviors and meaning. Culture includes values, beliefs, morals, customs, habits and language among others (Anderson, Taylor, 2007). Cultural practices are human behaviours and thoughts that are passed down by generation to generation based on these cultural beliefs (Carr, Neitzel, 1995). These practices are learned directly e.g. parent to child and indirectly through imitation and observation (Anderson, Taylor, 2007). Social values and cultural practices are instilled in people from a young age and this determines how they react to concepts of equality, justice and fairness. Social inequality refers to the ways in which socially defined categories of people are positioned differently in society in regards to accessing social goods like employment, other forms of income, having access to education, health care, political representation and societal participation (Ceelbas, 2010). These forms of social inequality are shaped by various factors including geographical location, distribution of wealth, income and social status. Structural inequalities operate in any society and the main inequalities are based on class, age, ethnicity and gender (Holmes, Hughes, Julian, 2007). Class Social stratification refers to the hierarchal arrangement of social classes, castes, and strata within a society (Inc. Icon Group, 2008 p.209). Class refers to socio economic status (SES) which is an individuals or groups position in a hierarchal social structure and where they are placed depends on their occupation, education, wealth, income and residence. There are four main classes of people. They are the upper class, middle class, working class and the underclass. The upper class refer to the property owners and entrepreneurs, the middle class refer to the workers whose social position is determined through professional qualifications, the working class refers to workers who exchange their labour for wages and the underclass are the poor people living in poverty (Graetz, MacAllister, 1994). Wealth and income are key determinants of class. Money can gain access to power, status, high education, better employment opportunities which result in high incomes. Wealth can provide a better lifestyle including access to health care which would create a high standard of living and a longer, more enjoyable life. People in lower classes are forced to struggle through life, suffer discriminations and have a poor quality of life. Inequalities affect men and women, different religious, ethnic or racial groups and people from different backgrounds. Depending on their location in the class structure will determine whether they will be better or worse off in society (Graetz, MacAllister, 1994). CULTURAL PRACTICES VALUES Age Ageism is the discrimination or the holding of irrational and prejudicial views about individuals or groups, based on their age. It involves stereotypical assumptions about a persons or groups physical or mental capacities and is often associated with derogatory language (Marshall G, 1998, p.1). There is discrimination against the aged in the workplace, health care system, nursing homes and it is reflected in senior abuse (Gutman, Spencer, 2010). There are estimates between 1-3 million people over 65 in the United States alone that have been mistreated, exploited or injured by someone they know or trust to protect and care for them (Gutman, Spencer, 2010). Even capitalism exploits the elderly through pharmaceuticals. When the aged are forced to withdraw from the workforce this can result in them separating themselves from society and even preparing for death. The elderly do not get treated fairly and they are often denied their basic human rights including health care. Social forces and the media create ageism by shaping negative attitudes towards older people and the aging process. Youth, beauty and health are highly valued in culture and the aged represent the opposite. They are linked to poor health and death. By putting distance between the aged it alleviates the fear of dying (Ventrell, 2002). Institutions also help create ageism by devaluing older workers and ignoring treatable aging problems by medical practitioners and in nursing homes. There is also a lack of attention to cruelty towards the elderly which results in low reporting and a lack of policy changes (Gutman, Spencer, 2010). Ethnicity Ethnicity is the cultural background of a group of people who share a common ancestry (Holmes, Hughes, Julian, 2007, p. 144). These members identify with each other through cultures including a shared religion and a common language. The concept of ethnicity perpetuates inequality for people who are considered different from the dominant group. Individual racism involves the negative attitudes a person has against all members of a racial or ethnic group. They often resort to name calling, derogatory remarks or acts of violence. Institutional racism refers to discriminatory acts and policies that prevent groups from equally accessing resources such as education, health, employment and housing (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). Some of these acts and policies are illegal and others are not. Macro systems policies are formed by institutional values and these policies occur in communities and organisations. Institutional discrimination is built into the structure that forms society. It is the prejudicial treatment in organisations based on policies or behaviours and is demonstrated on how these macro systems treat certain people (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). Inequalities of ethnic groups can be seen in everyday community life. In non-white groups, unemployment is higher, the infant mortality rate is higher, they have a poorer life expectancy and their achievements in education are less than whites (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). There are many inequalities found in the education system towards ethnic groups. Schools in white neighbourhoods have highly trained teachers and better facilities than those of minority groups. Due to either a high unemployment rate or discrimination of ethnic groups in the workplace, these families struggle to provide financially for their families. As a result of this they are unable to provide for extra expenses like class trips, clothing, supplies and transportation which prevent their children from being fully involved in the education process (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). A major factor affecting health inequalities in minority groups is their socioeconomic status. Education and employment barriers lead to financial instability and if they cannot afford proper health care they will have a low quality of life and a shorter life expectancy. Their ability to access health care services and a willingness to obtain treatments can have an impact on their health. Other inequalities can occur from religious beliefs, language barriers, their environment, their lifestyle and genetic issues (Bhopal, 2007). The stereotyping, which is fed by prejudice, continues to shape the housing outcomes for ethnic minorities. The inaction of administration workers, the effect of policies in housing agencies and the national processes condoned by the state all reinforce inequalities (Somerville, Steele, 2002). Ethnic groups continue to be regularly excluded from accessing resources to improve poverty and living conditions. The criminal justice system is supposed to be non-discriminatory and fair. The name justice in itself implies fairness but institutional racism is still evident in this macro system. In the United States for example (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009), African Americans make up 12 per cent of the population but they make up half of the prison population. They also receive harsher sentences than whites and half of the people sentenced to death are African American (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). Police are more likely to respond harshly to offenses committed by minority groups or lower income people than middle or upper class white groups. Minority groups and poorer class people are less likely to afford bail so are forced to remain in jail which can lead their families and people who rely on them into poverty. They cannot financially afford a good defense and they are more likely to be found guilty (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). There have been conflicting views on immigration and the effects that migrants have on the economy so much so it has swayed immigration policies. The reasons for them are that they take the low paying jobs where there are labour shortages thus stimulating the economy through the taxes they pay (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009).The other view people have is that they believe the immigrants are a burden on the economy, reap public benefits and take jobs way from the citizens (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman, 2009). There are also fears of terrorism since the September 11 attacks. Gender Gender is the division of people into two categories, men and women. Through interaction with caretakers, socialisation in childhood, peer pressure in adolescence, and gendered work and family roles, women and men are socially constructed to be different in behaviour, attitudes, and emotions (Borgatta, Montgomery, 2000, p. 1057). From a young age, boys will be treated in ways to form masculinity and girls will be handled in ways to form femininity. Gender stereotypes are reinforced and influenced through agencies like the family, peers, schools and the media (Holmes, Hughes, Julian, 2007). Stereotypic behaviour is learned by individuals through the culture of these influences. Gender roles are the expected behaviour from males and females and this helps sustain gender stereotypes which in turn create perceptions which lead to inequalities (Crespi I, 2010). Gender roles, patriarchy, sexism and discrimination contribute to gender inequality and these inequalities take place in all social institutions including the workplace and at home. The relationship between patriarchy and gender has been crucial to the subordinate position of women. Patriarchy is a social system where men have power over younger men, women and children. This power rests in the public and private spheres (Holmes, Hughes, Julian, 2007). The role of women traditionally has been to nurture and stay at home to look after the children and the men were seen as the breadwinners going off to work to earn an income. Segregation from society, no opportunities to make their own money, fewer opportunities for education and at times domestic violence all contributed to the oppression of women. Even though there are more women in the workforce, due to gender roles, they still shoulder the responsibility of a second shift when it comes to maintaining the domestic sphere (W. W. Norton Company, 2005). It is a basic human right to be free from gender inequality in the workplace but the fight for equal opportunities, equal pay and fair treatment is a constant justice battle for women. Women in the workforce face inequalities of pay compared to men, less prestigious positions, sexist attitudes and discrimination. Even women that are successful in the corporate world face discrimination on the proper roles of women according to cultural beliefs (W. W. Norton Company, 2005). The glass ceiling refers to barriers that hinder promotion of women and minorities into higher ranks of management (Anderson, Taylor, 2005). The media contributes to gender inequalities by their portrayal of men and women in films, television and magazines. Men are shown to be active and aggressive. They are not shown to do housework or care for children. Women are portrayed as being dominated by the man and are seen as helpless. They are seen as the carers and are told how to please men and look attractive for them. Conclusion Social positions and disadvantages are determined by influences such as class, status and power as well as demographic attributes such as age, ethnicity and gender. Ageism is one of the most pervasive prejudices in society and is considered as being a denial of basic human rights. Social forces and the media help create beliefs and attitudes that discriminate against the elderly. Stereotyping and prejudices continue to create inequalities in ethnic groups. Discriminations can result in poor opportunities for education, poor financial stability, which has an effect on their health, and a low standard of living. Gender is created from birth by gender socialisation. Gender stereotypes are reinforced and influenced through agencies like the family, peers, schools and the media. The imbalances of wealth, power and prestige that exist is ironic as people continuously preach their cultural commitment to values of equality and justice. Unfortunately, systems worldwide are setup to enhance the interests of the people that reside at the top of the stratification system.

The Age of Reason Essay -- history

The Age of Reason The Age of Reason was a period in time that took place from the Peace of Utrecht (1713), to the French Revolution of 1789. It was a period when reason basically replaced religion as the guiding principle in art, thought, and the governance of men. Unquestioned acceptance of the old order of society and the old ways of statecraft yielded to a new spirit of critical inquiry which demanded some rational justification for the existing social system. People thought that the general application of reason would free Europe from the artificialities, restrictions, injustices, and superstitions which that was inherited from the Dark Ages. Reason would create a society of law and order. The traditions, customs, and autonomous rights of the nobility and the church were essentially alien to the spirit of rationalism and operated to block the establishment of centralized, well ordered states. In central and eastern Europe and many minor states of the continent, the main contenders against the powers of the nobility and the clergy were the dynastic sovereigns. Competition between the great states was ruthless and the monarchy which failed to overhaul its internal administration, faced dismemberment. Seeking to focus on their own authority, the crowned heads struggled with the separatism of provinces, which their royal houses had inherited through medieval and 17th century wars and marriages. They tried to introduce uniformity in law and administration th...

paintball :: essays research papers

everybody. Players range from six to sixty, and are of any race or sex. There are many different ways to play, and an almost infinite amount of equipment for you to choose from. It is a great sport because of all the different types of equipment, and playing fields and other players can be found almost anywhere. Paintball is a very new sport. The first games were played by a few enterprising players who used cattle marking guns to play. Their paint was non-washable and expensive, costing up to a buck a ball. The first game was played on June 27, 1981. They played capture the flag against each other with Nel-Spot 007 pistols. The winner captured all the flags without firing a shot. In April of 1982, the first outdoor field was opened in Rochester, NY. Also in 1982 Paintball Marketing Incorporated was founded to market and distribute paintball products. In 1983 the first national championship was held with a $14,000 dollar purse. Also in 1983 the first foreign paintball field opened. In 1984 the sport was introduced to Australia and the first indoor field was opened in Buffalo, NY. From this point, paintball started to â€Å"snowball†, picking up interest in foreign countries and on the internet. New high-tech paintball products are invented all the time, making the sport increasingly more complex. Paintball has become a high-tech sport compared to the guns of the last couple of decades. For a long time, all of the guns ran off of 12 gram Co2 which would shoot up to 40 shots. The guns were pump action, and would hold a small amount of paint. The paint itself would cost up to a buck a ball. Masks were often safety or ski goggles. Today, guns are run by a small computer manufactured into them. They run off of large bottles of Co2, nitrogen, and compressed air, which will shoot up to 2000 times. Guns are semi-auto, or full auto, and will shoot over 25 rounds a second. Loaders hold over 200 balls and even have motorized fans inside of them to load balls. Pain t cost less than 3 cents a ball. Safety has also improved a lot. Now you can buy complete facemasks, gloves, or body armor. The sport is still evolving and at any given time there is bound to be a new invention. There are many benefits to playing paintball.

Contradictions In The Puritan Religion :: essays research papers

Contradictions In The Puritan Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life is full of many contradictions, and the basis of the Puritan religion is no exception. The Puritans believed that they were God's chosen people, as mentioned in the Bible. They saw themselves on a level above the average man, but in reality, their religion was full of inconsistencies. The Puritans believed in something known as the ‘Doctrine of Elect,' hinted at in Romans 8:28-30, 9:6-24, and later at the Synod of Dort.. The doctrine contradicted the more widely held belief of Pelagianism, the belief that man could redeem himself through acts of charity, piety, and by living an unselfish life. It came to be one of the greatest theological discrepancies of all time. Evidently, the Puritan beliefs were almost entirely contradictory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the Puritan beliefs were both simple and believable. Others would seem outrageous today. Puritanism was founded on the principles and beliefs of John Calvin, and one of the major ideals they focused on was the doctrine of predestination. Calvin believed that the grace of God was the ticket into Heaven and that his grace could not be earned. God's grace was bestowed upon a select few regardless of what they did to earn it. This ‘ doctrine' stated that God determines a mans' destiny, whether it be redemption or condemnation, regardless of any worth or merit on the person's part. It could be compared to the failures of Communism in that no matter how hard a person worked, how devout a person was, how often a person went to church, there was no way to get into Heaven unless they were chosen. Aside from the doctrine of elect, the Puritans had other outrageous beliefs including the degradation of one's self, the utter and total dependence on divine grace for salvation, and the wrath of an angry God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The God worshipped by the Puritans was not a forgiving God, and definitely not a happy God. The Puritans fear him and tried zealously to make themselves worthy in his eyes. They insisted that they, as God's special elect, had the duty to conduct affairs carrying out his will according to the Bible. Though many of their beliefs seemed outrageous, the most heinous of all was the aforementioned ‘Doctrine of Elect.'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If this ‘Doctrine of Elect' guaranteed the chosen a spot in heaven, then there was no reason for them to behave as pious, God-fearing Puritans. There was no reward after death for those who had been good and were not ‘chosen.' The standard was the same for the special few who made their way onto God's

Economic control Essay

Traditionally the reasons of the rules and regulations were to control human relations in an effort to make the behaviors of other individuals known (Pennell, pp3). rules are also employed to provide other purposes, these includes punishing offenders, providing social economic control, banishing private retribution, deterring criminal acts and reflecting public opinions (Pennell, pp3). Conventionally prevention of crime was intended provide advice on defensive behaviors and security. On the other hand laws are supposed to be malleable and should serve as a tool of social engineering (Pennell, pp4). They are supposed to be transformed with arrival of new thoughts and societal changes. The human rights and needs of victims of crime are essential aspects of criminal justice systems, especially currently, as the issues of victims have emerged since 1970s. Since 1970s, legal and emotional reactions of the nation have changed dramatically and currently more attention is being paid on restorative justice. There are many activities that are involved in restorative justice (Pennell, pp6). In order to give an insight of the various forms that restorative justice is taking and the activities that are involved this paper will focus on practices, origin context and limitations of restorative justice (Pennell, pp6). Victims Rights The current legal codes in federal government evolved from the conventional codes and attempts to define and deal with criminal behaviors. The aim of the codes is to focus on the deviant behaviors of the criminals and they rarely focus on the victims and their needs. The primary focus of the law is to deter the criminal activities (Aldana-Pindell, pp45). Several decades ago within the federal government when reconciliation for victim offenders was being set restorative justice did not exist within the criminal justice system (Brown & Bunnell, pp87). Restorative justice has evolved currently within the criminal justice system in recent years following philosophical writings of van ness and others. Various debates which have been held have facilitated the emergence of processes within the restorative justice such as impact panels, conferences, sentencing circle etc (Aldana-Pindell, pp45). Since 1970s several practices and programs have assisted to develop the restorative justice moments. Early practices for restorative justice were focusing on the moderated meetings involving the offenders and the victims (Aldana-Pindell, pp46). As time went by the meetings were expanded and included friends and family members from the two parties. The meetings also included professionals and other individuals who had access of public resources. In recent years the system has paid much attention on the participation and involvement of members of the community (Normandeau, pp34). In 1970s some practitioners and scholars believed that offenders are victims of social neglect, poor societies and racial, ethnic and gender discrimination. As a result the advocates of restorative justice focused to change the conditions in the prison, reduce incarceration use and eliminate prison and jails as institutions (Normandeau, pp34). In this regard there are some individuals who were seeking to make a caring society instead of prisons and jails that would address the issues of victimizers and victims (Brown & Bunnell, pp92). The activists of caring communities brought the issue of interests of the victims in the criminal justice system in a progressive manner rather than focusing on the right of the victims (Meister, pp54). In 1970s and 1980s the population of people in the prisons in United States was becoming progressively overcrowded and contributed to the use and popularity of intermediary sanctions (Aldana-Pindell, pp47). However, during this time restorative justice and mediation of victim offenders were not common within the criminal justice systems as alternatives. The establishment of boards of societal justice and centers for neighborhood justice in the federal government reflected their wishing to achieve more justice and this was characterized by public participation and casualness (Aldana-Pindell, pp49). These were new forms of resolution of conflicts in the late 1970s and they showed a developing disenchantment which involved trial procedures of adjudication and finding facts in accordance to adherence to strict legal principles. On the other hand the systems in resolution of conflicts placed much importance on negotiation, agreements between the disputants and placed less importance on the role of legal professionals (Aldana-Pindell, pp49). In mid 1970s reconciliation programs in the United States were introduced for victim offenders. These programs were based on the principles of Mennonite that focuses on dialogue and exchange (Marshall, pp20). Reconciliation programs involved offenders and crime victims meetings after being sentenced and included impartial third party. Reconciliation programs for offenders and victims aimed at restoring good relationship that is supposed to exist between the parties. The proponents of these programs were focusing to establish a good working relationship and use of principles of religious institutions and also as an option to incarceration (Marshall, pp21). In the rate 1970s advocates and the victims increasingly focused on mediation rather than reconciliation programs for offenders and victims’ interactions. However, the model of the mediation program was similar to models of reconciliation program, although additional individuals affected by the differences would be involved in the meeting, especially when addressing serious crimes (Meister, pp57). Mediation programs for offenders and victims were developed in western part of Europe, Scandinavia and England in the end of 1970s and early 1980s, and were use primarily to handle justice cases for the youths. Since 1980s the programs have shown a significant growth in the United States and other nations (Marshall, pp22). Progressive voices and conservatives suggest that victims of crimes do not have the voice in the criminal justice system. In late 1970s and early 1980s activists of feminists and social scholars of legal doctrines paid more attention on making courts and law enforcement officers to be accountable to children and women who may be physically or sexually abused (Marshall, pp22). The groups that advocated for victims right focused on compensation for crime in the processes of courts, using formal voice and on safety of the society. In early 1980s Reagan organization released a report of task force on victims of crimes that facilitated the development of groups that advocated for the rights of the victims. Since 1990s there is a tremendous growth of alliances between groups that focuses on the reforms of criminal justice and victim support. This tremendous growth has been as a result of realizing the common interests among the offenders and victims based groups (Anwander, pp71). In 1980s New Zealand government started reassessing Waitangi treaty focusing on the implications of the relationship between the whites i. e. Pakeha and indigenous people the Maori. In 1986 a report that was prepared by ministers recommended for structural changes in the practices and policies of the government towards the indigenous people (Marshall, pp24). In 1989 the administration had great structural changes in the way matters regarding family welfare and justice for the youths was handled. Before introduction of these changes indigenous people were overrepresented in prisons and jails and decision making processes were dominated by the whites (Meister, pp58). These structural changes employed in youth justice can be used in various juvenile offenses, but mostly they are used in serious cases and minor cases solved trough diversions of police. Family welfare and youth justice programs are different from offenders and victim reconciliation and mediation programs since they involve more community members in the discussion of the offense, pay more attention on participation of the family and recognize more victimized individuals. Family welfare and youth justice programs also reduce the intervention of the state and changes the roles of professionals in problem solving (Marshall, pp26). Youth justice and family welfare programs were introduced first in Australia in late 1991 and formed part of law enforcement operations that focused on one jurisdiction. Conferences run by the police were also introduced in the capital city of Australia and later on the northern states (Meister, pp59). In late 1993 and early 1994, conferences for handling juvenile cases were introduced in the southern and western part of Australia and they were involving non professional police to run the conference. In Queensland and south wale conferences to handle juvenile cases, have been recently introduced and they are mostly employed in Queensland schools (Meister, pp59). Circles of sentencing were established in Canada in 1980s, and were the fist groups of the nation to respond to offenders (Marshall, pp26). The aim and objectives of circles of sentencing are resolution of conflicts, restoring harmony and order, and healing of offenders, victims and family (Anwander, pp73). Circles of sentencing involves processes of consensus and includes all the victims of crimes and families of the victims, their next of kin, and community members in order to respond to the behavior and formulate sanctions that addresses all the needs of those involved. Circles of sentencing are currently being used in United States and in Canada by non indigenous groups that include blacks in Minnesota. Since 1980s, there are other practices which have emerged and use the principles of restorative justice (Marshall, pp27). Compensation boards in Vermont involve the members of the community and design penalties for offenders of juvenile. These penalties involve service of the community and rarely involve offender and victim mediation. The meetings do not involve the victims (Anwander, pp76). Panels of victim impact have also been introduced by mothers and focuses on drunk driving. The panels give a room for the victims and the members of the family to give their suggestions about the impact of driving when drunkard to the offenders who have been ordered by the court to attend. However, these panels for victims are different from most of the processes of restorative justice, since they do not employ voluntary attendance (Marshall, pp29). On the other hand they have an important element of bringing contact of offenders and victims in the process, which lacks in traditional proceedings of criminal justice. These panels are employed extensively across the United States. On the other hand research and theories have contributed to the development of restorative justice. In 1970s scholars of social and legal doctrines developed several theories focusing on formal and informal justice. Theoretical and empirical studies of formal and indformal justice which have been conducted in industrialized countries and in less developed countries suggest that, it took less one decade to change optimism for pessimism. With emergence of theories and research disillusionment had already set in by 1990s (Marshall, pp30). In late 1970s and early 1980s there were arguments from the criminologists in Netherlands, Norway and from elsewhere to abolish prisons. During this time the activists paid more attention on decarceration and alternatives to jails and prisons. However, currently there are few individuals who would argue for complete abolition of prisons although few people argue for their minimal use (Marshall, pp31). In 1996 there was an international conference to address penal abolition held in New Zealand and supported resolutions and discussions to facilitate restorative justice. Scholars have also attempted to focus on the merits of informal methods that can be applied in social set ups to regulate order in the society (Marshall, pp31). This involves reintegrative shaming in response to a crime that may be integrative and not stigmatizing. These ideas have been employed in conferencing models such as in wagga, in Australia. Before the wagga conference these ideas were not included in youth justice and family welfare programs and they did not form part of many conference held across the globe. The united states are currently employing the wagga model, although there are some arguments on the issue of shame and whether it should be the central issue in processes of conferencing (Marshall, pp32).

Food Waste in America Essay

40% of the food America produces is wasted.1 Have you ever thought of how much food you waste a day? The average American wastes about 250 pounds of food every year.2 That’s about $600 dollars worth of food.3 Imagine what you could do with $600.00. No one notices what is in the back of their fridge or what goes into their trash can. Before you say that you don’t do that, think back to a moment when you had the chance to take the restaurant food home, but you declined it because you were too full. Now, imagine thousands of people doing that every day. Tons and tons of food is wasted. Over 33 million tons of food is wasted every year in America. 4 That is enough to fill a 90,000 seat football stadium to the brim with food over 120 times.5 We waste so much food that our food waste could power Switzerland for an entire year. Americans should lower the amount of food they waste by taking home extra food  from restaurants and buying appropriate amounts of food at the store . 1 http://www.culinate.com/articles/features/wasted_food http://www.businessinsider.com/fao ­wasted ­food ­2011 ­5 3 http://www.wisegeek.com/how ­much ­food ­does ­the ­average ­american ­waste.htm 4 http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/food/fd ­basic.htm 5 http://www.naturalnews.com/033885_food_waste_America.html 2 Everybody has been to a restaurant before and not finished their food. Well, did you ever think about bringing it home to finish later? Most people don’t think like that, since they are full at the moment, and believe they won’t eat it later. Give it a try and bring it home to eat it for a quick dinner later. Well, you might say ,â€Å"Oh well, I didn’t like the food.† There is nothing   wrong with that. If you don’t like the food then, you don’t like it. I’m not going to argue with that, no one likes to eat everything in the world. All I’m saying is open your eyes and notice how much food is being wasted at restaurants. Restaurants are America’s food source. We go to restaurants when we don’t feel like making dinner.​ The average family  goes to dinner around thirty five times a year. So, let’s say you waste on average five ounces. of food every time you go to dinner. That’s about ten lbs. of food wasted in one year just by going to restaurants. Now, let’s add your family into this. If you have a four member family that would be forty lbs. of food wasted by your family. That is equivalent to around forty plates of food being thrown out, and you could have eaten half of that at  home. The moral of the story is that if you reduce the amount of waste at restaurants, you can make a big difference in lowering America’s waste percentage. The average American family spends about $8,513 on groceries a year, and wastes about $600 of that food.6 Basically, the average American family wastes about fourteen percent of the food they buy. Families are wasting way too much food. My generation has grown up with this, so it’s all that we know. It is very hard to extinguish a bad habit. Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"Your eyes are bigger than your stomach?† That is actually very true. Have you ever seen people unload their food from their cart at a grocery store? I have seen people have so much food that they have to get another cart. That is just ridiculous. If you have a big family, that’s fineÍ ¾ but if you only have two to four people in your family, then you are purchasing too much food. There are simple ways to not overspend at a grocery store. One way to not overspend at a grocery store is to make a grocery list or   have a leftover day. Have a  leftovers on Wednesday or Sunday. Not everybody does this, but no one is innocent. most people have overbought amounts of food at some point. Maybe you ate the food ,maybe you didn’t. It is important to think before you go along buying more food than you can handle. This goes right back to the saying, â€Å"your eyes are bigger than your stomach.† Taking home food from restaurants and buying appropriate amounts of food at your local grocery store is a great way to lower food waste. America has the largest waste percentage in the world. That is not anything to be proud of. Do you ever think about how much food you throw away in a month? Food waste is a big problem in America, It could be lowered by just doing a couple simple of steps and by thinking before you throw away something that could be eaten. Food is meant to be eaten not wasted.

Market Concept Essay

Article from Karl Moore: Karl Moore is PHd associate professor in the Faculty of Management at McGill University was responsible for writing the article â€Å"The Marketing Concept- RIP† which was published July 17th, 2006. He discusses the decline and the increasing irrelevance of the marketing concept idea and how firms are adapting this strategy in today’s market. Moore emphasis on the following points: 1. Importance of market research before launching a product 2. The need to focus on the product’s usage by the end users 3. The difficulty firms face to implement the marketing concept strategy in today’s market place. The author uses the example of the high-tech sector and explains why he feels the marketing concept applied in this way is no longer relevant, then goes into detail about how it is not just limited to the high-tech sector. To understand Moore’s article you need to understand what marketing and the marketing concept it first. Marketing consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods, services and ideas. The main principles of marketing are to satisfy customers, target the â€Å"right’ customer, facilitate exchange relationships, stay ahead of competitors and enhance profitability (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 7). The ultimate goal is to satisfy targeted customers, seeking their loyalty and consumption. The marketing concept can be defined as the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 17). In his opening paragraph Moore mentions that the marketing concept is â€Å"coming to a close† and heading towards a â€Å"semi-retirement†. I strongly disagree with this statement. Why? Since the marketing concept era many companies are now transitioning to the market orientation era (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 17). The focus of the market orientation era is mainly on continuously collecting information about customer needs and competitors’ capabilities and to use this information to create value, ensure customer satisfaction and develop customer relationships (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 7). Let us look at how Netflix took the Marketing concept in stride. Netflix involved the identification of the unmet or underserved customer needs. Reed Hastings, founder and creator of Netflix started off as a video rental customer himself, tired of paying late fees and having to run to the video store when he wanted to watch a movie, he decid ed to create something simpler and more convenient for customers (Dean. 2010). He was able to draw upon personal experience to help establish the opportunity nucleus and survey what other customers wanted out of a video store. The movie rental industry had already established methods surrounding video rental, late return policies, and membership rules. Hastings believed that without competition, these brick-and-mortar movie rental companies would never have a reason to change (Dean. 2010). Reed Hastings, decided to disrupt the traditional video rental business by introducing a new twist on the home movie service (Dean. 2010). A perfect example of advances in technology, adaptation of DVD media over VHS, and an unmet consumer demand is responsible for the successful launch of Hastings’ vision of Netflix. Not unlike other innovative start-up companies, Netflix has undergone several strategy shifts (Dean. 2010). Each change in focus or direction has assured that the company remains dominate in the movie rental industry. It appears that Hastings has followed the Marketing Concept to a tee, he started off with collection information from customer needs’ (his own) and the competitors capabilities (video rental companies were not in a position to change their rules and regulations) and he completed the circle by using customer knowledge to create customer satisfaction as Netflix still remains more popular than Blockbuster or Rogers Video. Moore goes into more detail about the high tech industry, giving the example of the Sony walkman and how the product was developed. He also explains that if Sony followed the Marketing concept theory in creating the walkman, it would have failed. He follows this explanation of the Sony walkman with the comment â€Å"with many high tech products you cannot get a very reliable data from current customers about the potential uses of your future products. † This statement is by far the most ludicrous statement thru out the entire article and makes absolutely no sense. The vast majority of high tech industries rely solely on how customers perceive new and future products. Look at the Apple IPods. Apple made sure they always stayed ahead of the game by releasing new hardware, software, or better and newer applications for the iPod (Taber. 2007). People love new and flashy products so this was a great way to sell a product. The iPod has become a fashion accessory and a must have. People salivate if there hear a new and more updated version of the iPod is coming out, they want a product that can hold more music and data. Why would they want a â€Å"dinosaur† iPod that only holds 1000 songs when they can get an iPod that holds 2000, takes videos, and has downloadable apps? In this sense, the iPod marketing concept strategy made sense because it consistently advanced Apple’s emerging goal of making the Mac the hub of a digital lifestyle (Taber. 2007). It also aligned with the company’s strategic goal of frequently releasing innovative new products in an effort to stay ahead of a curve of consumers who quickly get tired of old gadgets. As usual, it was a strategy that leveraged the benefits of existing technology, and it made sense from the point of view that it was consistent with what historically drove the company, is bringing products to people that were stylish and easy to use. So if Apple didn’t use the marketing concept strategy, it would have failed. The one paragraph in Moore’s article that I do agree with is when he mentions that a great deal of high tech industries do spend more time launching a new product then developing the product. Models of new product development prescribe critical stages that organizations should go through to have a successful product launch (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 262-271). Regardless of the model, critical phases include: product idea generation, idea screening, concept testing, and business analysis, marketing mix development, test marketing and commercialization (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 262-271). In theory, going through these stages systematically helps organizations weed out the potential failures. Customer focus is an integral component of the product development process that is often ignored. The need to incorporate the voice of the customer (adopt the marketing concept) at every phase is imbedded in these models of new product development, each phase contributing additional knowledge as to what customers want (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 263-264). Yet concept testing and test marketing are most often overlooked y new product development teams as they rush to get their product to market before the competition (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 259-260). Unfortunately, this can lead to fatal errors when customer expectations are extremely high – or when dealing with a sophisticated customer – as is the case for high tech products. An example of this was the Apple Newton; Apple pre-announced the Newton before it was ready. In terms of the product offering, it was neither a complete product nor a fully functional product (Hormby. 006). In the hurry to get to the market, Apple had not fully developed the handwriting recognition software, one of the featured attributes (Hormby. 2006). While innovators and early adopters are willing to take risks on new products, they do expect a minimal level of performance which the Apple Newton could not deliver. Moore also makes a valid statement in his end paragraph with respect for non-tech marketers have to know who their key customers will be and how the marketers should focus their research efforts. Customer focus, a core element of the marketing concept, is certainly a widely adopted buzzword today, one which is stressed in all introductory marketing texts. While the marketing concept applies to all industries, it is particularly important in technologically driven industries that have been among the first to introduce quality techniques, many of which begin with capturing the â€Å"voice of the customer†. (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 259). Look at how Apple launched its iPod back in 2001 to appeal to customers. When you watch the iPod commercials on television – what did you see? You see a bunch of people dancing on a colored background. There are women and men, but you don’t know anything else about them. This advertisement is ingenious for many reasons. For one, you don’t know where these people are. They could be anywhere in the world. Secondly, you don’t know who they are or what they do for a living. They can be anyone. All you know is that they are enjoying the music and rocking out. This is what makes that commercial so great and such an excellent idea. It allows anyone in the world to be that person. In conclusion, Moore is correct in his assumption that many high tech industries are in a rush to release their product before actually developing their product. However, it is very unrealistic of him to state that if companies follow the marketing concept they would be doomed to fail, he needs to look at many of the successes of the high tech market such as the Apple iPod or Netflix and how many non-tech industries can learn from Apple’s/Netflix marketing strategy. Although this article was written back in 2006, many advances of technology have taken place and it’s foolish to think that the marketing concept had nothing to do with this advancement. Refernces Crane, F. G. , Kerin, R. A. , Hartley, S. W. & Rudelius W. (2008). Marketing. (7th Canadian ed. ). Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Taber, David. (17 Sept. 2007 ). â€Å"The Taber Report on IPod Marketing. † The Taber Report. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from http://www. taberconsulting. com/download/dtr-35. htm. Weisbein, Jeff. 1 March. 2008). â€Å"The iPod Success: Thank the Marketing Department†. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http://www. besttechie. net/2008/03/01/the-ipod-success-thank-the-marketing-department/. Hormby, Tom. (7 Feb. 2006). â€Å"The Story Behind Apple’s Newton†. Retrieved April 25th, 2011 from http://lowendmac. com/orchard/06/john-sculley-newton-origin. html. Dean, Gregory. (10 Nov. 2010). â€Å"Netflix: An Online Business Beyond Geniusà ¢â‚¬ . Retrieved May 15, 2011 from http://marketography. com/2010/11/10/online-business-beyond-genius/.

The Malaysian Sibu Pasar Malam

Judging by the popularity of the Malaysian night market or pasar malam, it’s safe to say that this form of trading is here to stay despite the surge of shopping malls in the country. Markets of any kind are often representative of a country’s culture and the way of life of its citizens. Markets essentially bring together traders, ordinary people and children, either for a simple errand or a journey to discover delicious food and local goods. Some of the more well-known night markets are in Taiwan and Hong Kong, but Malaysians believe their country offers some of the best night markets – known locally as the pasar malam – to rival their counterparts in Asia. The Sibu Pasar Malam Survivors in the concrete jungle One would think that shopping at night markets would lose its appeal in a country where shopping malls are fast emerging. But judging from the crowds, the pasar malam is here to stay. Bangsar Baru’s night market is one of many examples of how a pasar malam survives in a rapidly developing city. Hundreds of Bangsar residents and tourists flock to this night market weekly, to buy groceries, have a meal or simply soak in the colourful atmosphere. The term night market does not necessarily mean that the market operates solely during nightfall. As early as three in the afternoon, access to main roads are closed, so that stall owners or hawkers can start setting up their stalls, umbrellas, tables and flourescent lights, and start displaying their goods and produce. The stall owners start this early and trade late into the night, sometimes till 11pm or midnight. Sunday is a popular day for the pasar malam, simply because it’s a day off and people have the time to window shop and run their weekly errands. Popular spots include Bangsar, Paramount Garden and Batu Feringghi in Penang. Some night markets open daily such as the one in Taman Connaught in Cheras. The pasar malam on Lorong Tuanku Abdul Rahman is believed to be the largest one in Kuala Lumpur, trading only on Saturdays. Sometimes, depending on the popularity of the markets, one residential area would hold two night markets in a week, taking turns to capture the attention of shoppers. SS2 is an example. On Mondays, the stalls are set up around the playground in the central area of SS2?s commercial area, attracting hundreds of patrons each week. On Thursdays, the area near the Cheow Yang shops are closed off for the second night market. Plenty to choose from: Tourists surveying the mouth-watering food at a pasar malam. Trinkets, treasures and a whole lot more Night markets attract people from all ages and all walks of life. Produce and goods such as vegetables, fruits, snacks, toys, clothes and all types of household ornaments are for sale at these night markets. Patrons will always tell you that goods are slighty cheaper at the pasar malam compared with produce and goods from the supermarkets or shopping malls. The novelty of shopping at the night markets is that patrons have the opportunity to haggle and bargain for lower prices with traders. Tourists are also advised that pasar malam offers them a chance to practice their bargaining skills with the local business community. Treasures are in abundance in the night market, depending on what is sought. For example, in Sarawak’s Lembangan night market, patrons could possibly find jungle fruit and ferns, snakes or snails. First time visitors to night markets are told to expect noisy, jostling crowds, and as such, are not for the claustrophic or the shopping mall addict. The colour, smells and conversations at a pasar malam offer a wonderful opportunity for locals and travellers to enjoy Malaysia’s cultures and diverse communities.

Internet shopping is the high street store doomed Coursework

Internet shopping is the high street store doomed - Coursework Example The use of the Internet for purchasing goods and services has enormous potential. The Internet enables consumers to shop or do transactions 24 hours a day, all year around from almost any location. It also provides consumers more choices and allows them to have quick comparisons. Moreover, it allows consumers to interact, exchange ideas, and to compare experiences with other customers in the electronic communities. Though the Internet offers a range of advantages that collectively have been shown to be important enough to attract massive interest, recent surveys demonstrated that the penetration rate of Internet shopping remains low. According to online industry body Interactive Media Retail Group, internet shopping sales rose from 300m in 1999 to 14.5bn in 20041. This trend looks set to continue. According to market analysts Verdict, online shopping was the quickest growing retail sector last year2. In fact, the shift away from the high street has even extended to shopping through television, with an explosion in the numbers of television shopping channels. Internet shopping is more than just being able to buy CDs and DVDs. People who shop online are able to do their food shopping online and have it delivered to their home. They also buy products like holidays, insurance and investments at cheaper prices than the high street. Shopping online brings many benefits which the high street is unable to bring, including: Choice - Online shopping offers easy access to a wider range of products than the high street, and consumers are able to shop around more easily for best deals. Convenience - Online shopping can save time and items can be delivered at the doorstep. Value for money - Many companies offer free delivery and often... Amazon.com (NASDAQ: AMZN) seems to sell just about every possible category of retail goods under the sun these days, as the venerable online e-tailer has expanded from books only to car parts, electronics, groceries and even pet supplied. With that said, most of these categories are products. Well, how about services Why doesn't Amazon.com sell them Or at least, allow third parties to sell services at the website of the world's largest online retail shopping site (Blogging stocks). The use of the Internet for purchasing goods and services has enormous potential. The Internet enables consumers to shop or do transactions 24 hours a day, all year around from almost any location. It also provides consumers more choices and allows them to have quick comparisons. Moreover, it allows consumers to interact, exchange ideas, and to compare experiences with other customers in the electronic communities. Though the Internet offers a range of advantages that collectively have been shown to be important enough to attract massive interest, recent surveys demonstrated that the penetration rate of Internet shopping remains low. It is a common practice of people to trust what they see physically and distrust everything that appears to be virtual with the fear of losing money and satisfaction. The following are the various aspects of high street stores and people buying them: Shopping used to be

Gambling From a Utilitarian and Deontology Point of View Essay

Gambling From a Utilitarian and Deontology Point of View - Essay Example According to the study deontological and Utilitarian theories do not essentially forbid the involvement of gambling as a moral wrong but they show a moral basis which one should consider when deciding whether to dive into gambling or not. The moral status of actions relies on the character of God i.e. what is right and wrong in the eyes of God contrary to Utilitarianism that reflects the will and desires of man. Deontology may adjudicate gambling as honorably wrong. This is the case even in occurrences where nobody is hurt as a result of the act and actually successful results were achieved. Deontology submits that being honest is always right and mainly checks the action. Utilitarian school of thought on the other hand is seen as a hunt of one’s interests where one avoids pain and runs after that which makes them happy. Sometimes Utilitarian thinking cannot be avoided, but there are instances where consideration for other people should be taken up as a boundary so as to avoid purposely stepping on other’s toes to obtain one’s pleasure. Happiness is always a good thing and people consider it before they partake in an action or make the decision on whether to act or not. If there is something wrong in doing a certain act such as gambling, then this cannot be the purpose of pleasure as it should result into happiness. Therefore, gambling cannot be viewed as moral on the mere ground that people enjoy it. This is in accordance to Utilitarian views but there is the aftermath of gambling where a gambler becomes addicted. The Utilitarian proponent pursues the experience of the moment when the act is being done as it brings pleasure but they do not take into account what the gambler shall go through especially if they become hooked to gambling. Petrenko and McArthur in their work, High Stakes Gambling with Unknown Outcomes: Justifying the Precautionary Principle submit that, when actions done by people may lead to moral danger that should not be ac cepted, actions must be taken to avoid such harm. Gambling affects people of all walks of life, be they old or young, and this is irrespective of what their gambling is about. The problem is not the act of gambling that brings pleasure at the time but mainly its consequences afterwards. Gambling is tied with addiction and even violent scenarios that rarely end well. In the game of gambling, there is also trickery involved and this goes against deontological values that view for truth pointing out that one should keep their promise. The case of gambling is one against honesty and morality on one hand and pleasure on the other hand. As a common weakness of human nature, many people tend to go more for pleasure and towards the easy way out as opposed to that which is moral. Deontology propagates an array of competing theories on what decides the moral status of an action, whether the action is right or wrong.

Public Officials and Public Opinion Polls Assignment

Public Officials and Public Opinion Polls - Assignment Example Policies are formed in a state for benefiting the citizens in various ways. For this reason, consents of people are important for selecting and developing appropriate policies for a state. In most of the country, the government is selected by the people. The citizen expects that the government will work for developing the country and facilitating the lives of people. The government needs to consider the opinion of the citizen while taking any major decision. By this process, the government will be able to understand the expectation of the people for the state and the things which create strong impacts on them (Burstein, 2003). Generally, policies are formed for improving the condition of the country. People of the state face different types of situations and circumstances for living their life in the state. They are the most appropriate people who can recommend the best policy for the country. With the help of public polls the government is able to understand the wants of the people and according to that, they can form effective policies for the state. Polls are the most powerful and effective tool in getting information and feedback from the people. Public opinion polls indicate the number of people interested in taking part in politics and decision process of the state. The opinions of maximum and a minimum number of people can be analyzed with the help of public opinion polls. When a government takes policy decision according to the majority opinions the citizens then the people tend to support the government. Public opinion polls are used by the public officials for giving importance to the people. With the help of public opinion polls, a government can show it’s concerned towards people opinion.

Research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research method - Essay Example The idea of having collaborations done online is to allow learners to share knowledge, interact with their colleagues, and exchange thoughts through online portals (Geiss & Roman, 2013). Online learning incorporates collaborative learning, which is recognized as a greatly valued opportunity (Tsai, 2011). It not only of involves access to fellow students, but also there is the chance of working together, which makes the online learning more effective, when compared to the traditional face-to-face classroom setting Generally, collaboration has become one of the essential skills necessary for effective functioning within the online community. It is necessary that we know how students learn and communicate and that we understand how the increasing functionality of technology is raising the bar of communication and collaboration (Sulisworo, 2012). Collaborative learning by definition refers to environments and methodologies in which learners engage in a common and authentic task wherein each peer depends on and is accountable to the others (Tsai, 2011). Bouroumi and Fajr (2014) have defined collaboration and cooperation in the light of the strategies used by teachers in making it possible for interactions among the students while working together in order to be more efficient. Cullen, Kullman & Wild (2013) explained that the practice of collaboration involves the attempt to have learning together or otherwise where two or more individuals gather for learning purposes. Some theoretical perspective s including cognition, social cohesion, and motivation should support the process. Collaborative learning has been defined as a pedagogy in which learners come together in groups and learn from each other through cooperation. Each student takes responsibility for the learning of other students in the group as well as his or her own learning, and each helps

Business problem analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business problem analysis - Assignment Example An effective business plan should take factor in its calculations the costs, revenue, and flow of cash on a regular basis. This is used to calculate the business’s profitability or discover incidents of loss. Such a plan can be used to project future expenditure plans and guide managers’ decisions about such decisions. The task of understanding such accounting techniques should not be left solely to accountants as managers’ knowledge is critical. Information on the business plans can be presented on a number of models in excel such as charts, graphs, tables, and other presentational formatting. These are further divided into sub-models such as frequency distributions, cumulative frequency distributions, scatter grams and time series distributions. Such presentations provide the selling points for one’s ideas, therefore, they have to be accurate and self-explanatory and simple to understand. The mode of presentation depends on the audience and channel of presentation to be used. Business planning is a strategy that all managers need to learn. Basic accounting techniques are a requirement for all managers and they cannot afford to leave all the accounting to the accountants. Business planning is crucial for a business’s survival and sustenance as it elaborates the business’s future, making vivid aspects that have great impact on the business such as unforeseeable