Modern Japanese Painting :: essays papers

Modern Japanese PaintingAmong my peers, art is often overlooked and is seldomlyappreciated. Perhaps, with the subsequent information your interest willgrow as tap did. During the end of the nineteenth century, also duringthe time of modern development in painting techniques, Japan entered theinternational world. Their culture made slight changes due to opponentvirtues and renovating ideals pertaining to painting. Europe possessedmany of the modernistic, innovative principles and inspired the Japanesetremendously. With the overwhelming influence of the European paintingtechniques, the Japanese style remained almost unaltered, yet attach towith modernized standards. The European style migrated to Japan and imposed on thetraditional and ancient methods. As a result, the patrons of the ancientstyle denied the effectual, European ways of chaste conceptualisation. Thus,the Japanese culture divided into two worlds Traditional and ModernWestern. The European form was not completel y contradictory to theJapanese. However, the color hues, organization of motifs, and personalexpression used showed great contrast. These elements were absent inJapanese paintings. The Japanese were considered archaic and anileaccording to the Europeans (Baker 199). Their artistic expression andreasons for the subject matter usage were evermore changing andrefitting the most recent alterations in society (Gregg 757). They striveto find new ways of representing the intrinsic beauty of nature as ahigher(prenominal) synthesis of modern realism and characterism (Microsoft). Symbolism and realism, classical restraint and romantic passion wereelements attempting to apply itself to the primitive style and were usedto reveal significant affinities (Microsoft). Japanese painting, concerning artistic expression, was thepreferred art form and was used to deal with mental tensions and innerthoughts. They were taught the various rules of objective realism suchas linear and aired perspect ive, and shading (Japan 959). Theirthemes encompassed life, mother nature (like the Europeans, but pass),movement and character. The inevitable outcome was displayed by thetraditional Japanese by objecting and attempting to overcome the run afoulbetween the dual civilizations (Japan 958). The concurrent practices took place in a time of complex lifesituations, and agonies became too acute to be dealt with a traditionalart form (Baker 201). In fact, the Western style actually allowed theJapanese to escape the restricted attributes such painting with definitionand without perspective or plain space. It gave them more opportunitiesto show elaborate, uncapped emotion without the risk of condemnation byancestral painters (Baker 193). In other words, the new method was theirscapegoat or moat away from the mainland, as if it was an excuse to

Prejudice and Racism at Our School :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

Prejudice and Racism at Our SchoolRacism...the belief that a particular quicken is superior to others unlikeness or prejudice based on race. Racism has been around for a long time and its effects have been translaten a lot in the prehistorical few centuries during the 1800s and earlier - in slavery, the Civil War, and slaves being freed and then recently, during the 1900s - in the Civil Rights Movement. Everyone in the United States is supposed to have equal rights and not be discriminated against because of race, but sadly, that is not always what happens. Racism shouldnt be around anymore, but it is, even in WCCHS. Sometimes its in the form of antiblack comments or racial slurs, and other times its in the form of who hangs out with whom. Something needs to be done about this. I think that if at that place were more integration in school-related activities, then students of different races would learn to accept each other the way they are, and racism wouldnt be an issue at WCC HS. As was stated, even though there shouldnt be racism at WCCHS, there is. Although once in a while teachers might be involved if someone says something racist against them, most of the racism is between students. Although I dont really see a whole lot of it and what I do see isnt major, it is still there. Generally, Hispanics and non-Hispanics get along okay at WCCHS a lot of the racism expressed in these two groups is skilful little things, such as racial slurs or mean comments about someone just because they are or arent Hispanic. To get a broader batch on racism at WCCHS and why it occurs, I interviewed Karen Miller, a freshman of Polish and German descent Gabe Antonio, a freshman of Mexican descent who knows twain English and Spanish and Mr. Sayner, a World Geography/Global Studies teacher of western European descent. Karen, Gabe, and Mr. Sayner all agreed on their definitions of racism. Gabe said that racism essence people saying bad stuff about other races and cultures, Karen said that it means that someone doesnt like another person just because of their race - they are prejudiced, and Mr. Sayner said it means people judging someone else based on physical characteristics like skin color. In all three definitions you see that people are basing their opinions of others on outward characteristics rather than finding out for themselves what they are like.

Gangs in America Essay -- Social Issues

coteries argon very dangerous to everyone in society. Gangs ar groups of people (mostly young males) who band to buy the farmher for protection and a sense of belonging. The U.S. Department of arbitrator officially defines a youth gang as a group of young people involved in criminal activity (Gangs 1). There be about one million gang members in more than 20,00 criminally active gangs in the United States. Also, that group of about one million people, are accountable for up to eighty share of our nations crimes. Since 2005, gangs have nationally added about 200,000 members (Targeting Gangs 1). This is why more action from the community engages to be taken to help with the growing gang-related crimes here in America.To start off, origins of gangs are unclear, but some researchers say that gangs came to America in the early 1800s. These first gangs were in New York and Philadelphia and members of these adult gangs were from the Irish, German, and Italian ethnic groups. Youth gang s did not start to form until after World War II (Opposing Viewpoints Gangs 109-110).Additionally, what kind of people are in gangs? Well first off, there are Latinos, which make up forty-nine percent of gang members African Americans, thirty-four percent White, ten percent Asian, six percent and the other one percent is just the other category (Facts About Gangs 109). Also in 1996, according to the National Youth Gang Survey, the members of gangs were fifty percent under eighteen years old and fifty percent were eighteen or older. In that survey during 2006, the number of juveniles dropped to only universe thirty-six and a half percent of member, on the other hand, the percentage of adult gang members consisted of sixty-three and a half percent of the gang pop... ...members have, we need to make it possible for them to get these personal benefits without feeling that it is necessary to join a gang. Of course, its not possible for us to make them be able to get fast money like som e of them want (or need) but other things like a sense of belonging or companionship are possible. subtile about these benefits will make it easier for everyone to be able help out in the stop of gangs.As one can see, it may never be possible that gangs and gang violence will be stopped, but with our help from the community in every city and town it is possible to stop and return the large number of gang members and gang-related crimes. Remembering that there are many possibilities for decreasing the population size of gangs in America such as go alternatives to being in a gang, educational programs, and arrest some hard-core gang members.

Comparing Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and The Sign of Four Essay -- compar

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has left such a deeply painful impression on my heart that I do not know how I am ever to turn it again -- Valdine Clemens That which is willed and that which is wanted can be as different as the mind and the heart. The straitlaced age in English Literature is known for its earnest obedience to a moralistic and highly structured social code of conduct however, in the last decade of the 19th Century this order began to be questioned. So dramatic was the change in thought that Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (published in 1883) and Doyles The betoken of Four (published in 1890) can be utilize to display this breaking away from strict social and moral standards. Stevensons character Mr. Utterson can be used to personify the earnest social morality that the Victorian age is known for, while Doyles protagonist Sherlock Holmes personifies the shift to more individualistic pursuits. In their hunt club for answers, Mr. Utterson an d Sherlock Holmes exhibit very different motivations for investigating the fulfillment of social and moral obligations, and personal satisfaction, respectively. This can be shown by comparing and contrasting these twain characters reasons for getting involved, their methods of dispensing information during their investigations, and their results at the cases conclusions. The characters actions in the first paragraphs of each of these works is very revealing Sherlock Holmes is injecting himself with cocaine and Mr. Utterson is described as having resisted the theater (that he enjoys) for over twenty years. From these beginnings, it is obvious who the pleasure seeker is and who adheres to a strong sense of morals. Although Mr. Utt... ... Valdine. The Return of the Repressed Gothic Horror from The Castle of Otranto to Alien. Albany nominate University of New York, 1999. Print.Doyle, Conan. The Sign of Four in The Complete Sherlock Holmes Barnes & Noble, Dayton, New Jersey, 1988.Ste venson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Other Tales Of Horror. London Penguin, 2003. Print.Works ConsultedCharyn, Jerome. Who Is Hyde? Afterword The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. picayune Books. Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1981. 105-114.Hume, David. Of Moral and Social order. An Introduction to Philosophy. Ed. G. Lee Bowie, Meredith W. Michaels and Robert C. Solomon. 4th ed. Harcourt College Publishers, 2000. 348-352Mighall, Dr. Robert. A Geography of Victorian Gothic Fiction Mapping Historys Nightmares. Oxford University Press, 1999. 166-209.

Taoism in Chinese Culture Essay examples -- Taoism Chinese Culture Tao

Taoism in Chinese Culture Taoism, known as The Way, can be categorized as both(prenominal) a Chinese philosophy and a religion. Taoists believe in accepting and yielding to the ways of life, complementing nature and being by internalizing their goals rather than worshipping a divinity fudge externally. Taoism, in its metaphysical and philosophical nature, is much like Confucianism, but the ideal interests of the two religions are contrasting. Confucianism was formulated during a time of war and relies heavily upon a moral and political system that fashioned society and the Chinese empire, while Taoism correlates to a time of peace and honors spiritual and metaphysical preoccupation (Taoism 2). The supposed creator of the Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu, is said to be the father of Taoism. It is estimated that Lao Tzu, spelled many other ways including Lao-tsu, Lao Tse, and Lao Tzi, was born under the name of Li Erh in Honan, China, around 604 B.C.E. Myth says that Lao Tzu was bor n fully developed with a long, white beard and hair the color of snow. He was somewhat of a recluse and withdrew from society to avoid governmental law and rule. He retreated to the Western frontier after the fall of the Zhou dynasty to continue his personal scan of metaphysics and philosophy (Taoism 2). The collaborations of his studies and observations are said to be the basis of the Tao Te Ching, although some scholars argue that Lao Tzus existence cannot be proved and that the scholar Chuang-tzu contend at least a partial role in the authorship. However the Tao Te Ching came to be, it is prized for being the foundation of Taoist belief and should hold merit as a universal guide, not as an authors accomplishment (De Bary, Chan, and Watson 49). There are t... ...e and space and is therefore attainable to each individual who is gear up to be released from the bonds of the physical. The Tao is perfection, a place where yin and yang come together and all that lives in divers ity finds unity. Works CitedDe Bary, Wm. Theodore, Wing-Tsit Chan, and Burton Watson, eds. Sources of Chinese Tradition. NewYork Columbia UP, 1960. Feibleman, James K. Understanding Oriental doctrine A Popular Account for the Western World. New York Horizon, 1976. Robinson, B.A, Taoism. Religious Tolerance.org. 28 August 2000. 15 folk 2000 . Smullyan, Raymond M. The Tao is Silent. New York Harper & Row, 1977. Taoism. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 1999-2000 ed. 19 September 2000 .

Taoism in Chinese Culture Essay examples -- Taoism Chinese Culture Tao

Taoism in Chinese Culture Taoism, known as The Way, can be categorized as both a Chinese school of thought and a religion. Taoists believe in accepting and yielding to the ways of life, complementing nature and being by internalizing their goals rather than worshipping a god externally. Taoism, in its metaphysical and philosophic nature, is much like Confucianism, but the ideal interests of the two religions are contrasting. Confucianism was formulated during a time of war and relies heavily upon a moral and political strategy that fashioned society and the Chinese empire, while Taoism correlates to a time of peace and honors spiritual and metaphysical preoccupation (Taoism 2). The supposed author of the Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu, is state to be the father of Taoism. It is estimated that Lao Tzu, spelled many other ways including Lao-tsu, Lao Tse, and Lao Tzi, was born under the name of Li Erh in Honan, China, around 604 B.C.E. legend says that Lao Tzu was born fully devel oped with a long, white beard and hair the color of snow. He was somewhat of a recluse and withdrew from society to reverse governmental law and rule. He retreated to the Western frontier after the fall of the Zhou dynasty to continue his personal study of metaphysics and philosophy (Taoism 2). The collaborations of his studies and observations are state to be the basis of the Tao Te Ching, although some scholars argue that Lao Tzus existence can non be proved and that the scholar Chuang-tzu played at least a partial role in the authorship. However the Tao Te Ching came to be, it is prized for being the foundation of Taoist belief and should hold merit as a universal guide, not as an authors accomplishment (De Bary, Chan, and Watson 49). There are t... ...e and space and is therefore attainable to each individual who is ready to be released from the bonds of the physical. The Tao is perfection, a show up where yin and yang come together and all that lives in diversity finds unity. Works CitedDe Bary, Wm. Theodore, Wing-Tsit Chan, and Burton Watson, eds. Sources of Chinese Tradition. NewYork Columbia UP, 1960. Feibleman, James K. Understanding Oriental Philosophy A Popular theme for the Western World. New York Horizon, 1976. Robinson, B.A, Taoism. Religious Tolerance.org. 28 August 2000. 15 September 2000 . Smullyan, Raymond M. The Tao is Silent. New York Harper & Row, 1977. Taoism. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 1999-2000 ed. 19 September 2000 .

Functions of Reserve Bank of India Essay

1. Information. Fights against economic crisis and sees economic and price perceptual constancy in the countrified 2. promotional Functions3. Promotional of bordering habit and expansion of tilling establishments. Provides refinance for export promotion. Expansion of facilities for the provision of unsophisticated credit through NABARD 4. Extension of facilities for the Small Scale Industries.5. Helping the co- functional field.6. prescription(prenominal) of minimum statutory requirements. Innovations in vernacularing business. A. Traditional FunctionsThe run batted in functions on the traditional lines regarding the following activities. 1. Monopoly of Note IssueIn terms of Section 22 of the keep back commit of India Act, the run batted in has been given the statutory function of note issue on a monopoly basis. The note issue in India was primarily based upon comparative Reserve System. When it became difficult to prolong the reserve proportionately, it was replaced b y Minimum Reserve System . According to the run batted in Amendment Act of 1957, the bank should at one clip maintain a minimum reserve of Rs.200 crore worth of gold coins, gold bullion and foreign securities of which the measure of gold coin and bullion should be not little than Rs.115 crore. rbi manages circulation of money through gold chests. Originally run batted in issued currency notes of Rs.2 and above. However, delinquent to higher cost of printing depressed denomination notes these denominations argon now coincides and issued by authorities. cash Chests Currency Chests are receptacles in which stocks of issuable and new notes are stored along with rupee coins. Currency Chests are repositories run by rbi, SBI, subsidiaries of SBI, public heavens banks, establishment Treasuries and Sub treasuries. Currency Chests help in expansion and contraction of currency in the country. The advantages for a bank having currency chest are (i) The bank can draw property whene ver it is required for its use and deposit funds when found surplus. (ii) diversify old and mutilated notes for new notes and coins (iii) Enjoy remittance facilities(iv) property remitted to currency chests by banks can be taken into account for maintenance of CRR. The currency chests maintained by public sphere and few private sector banks are the property of run batted in. The value of currency held in the chest belongs to run batted in. There are as many as 4150 currency chests with banks in India. 2. Banker to the political relationThe RBI acts as banker to the Government to a lower place Section 20 of RBI Act. Section 21 provides that Government should entrust its money remittance, shift and banking transactions in India to RBI. beneath Section 21A RBI has to conduct similar transactions for State Governments also. RBI earns no income by conducting those functions but earns commissions for managing the governments public debt. Where RBI has no branch, SBI or its subsidiar ies are appointed as agents and sub-agents chthonic Section 45 of the RBI Act. Agency Banks receive commission on all transactions conducted on turnover basis. The RBI extends styles and means advances to Central and State Governments. Ways and Means AdvancesWays and Means Advances (WMA) is not a commercial message-grade bank credit. It is a system beneath which the RBI provides credit to Central and State Governments for meeting temporary shortfall in government revenues as compared to the monthly expenditures. In new(prenominal) words, this facility is provided to meet temporary mismatches between revenue collections and revenue expenditures of governments. The maximum volume and period of much(prenominal) advances are governed by agreements between RBI and the relate government. To the State Governments, this facility is extended under three categories known as 1. Normal WMA2. Special WMA and3. as an overdraft facility.It also acts as adviser to Government on economic a nd financial matters. In brief, as a banker to the Government the RBI renders the following functions (a) Collects taxes and imbibes payments on behalf of the Government (b) Accepts deposits from the Government(c) Collects cheques and drafts deposited in the Government accounts. (d)Provides short-term loans to the Government(e) Provides foreign exchange resources to the Government.(f) Keep the accounts of various Government Department.(g) Maintains currency chests in treasuries at some importance places for the convenience of the government. (h) Advises governments on their borrowing programmes.(i) Maintains and operates Central Governments IMF accounts. 3. Agent and Adviser of the GovernmentThe RBI acts, as the financial agent and adviser to the Government. It renders the following functions (a) As an agent to the Government, it accepts loans and manages public debts on behalf of the Government. (b) It issues Government bonds, treasury bills, and so forth(c) Acts as the financia l adviser to the Government in all important economic and financial matters. 4. Banker to the BanksThe RBI acts as banker to all schedule banks. Commercial banks including foreign banks, co-operative banks and RRBs are suitable to be included in the second schedule of RBI Act subject to fulfilling conditions laid down under Section 42 (6) of RBI Act.RBI has powers to delete a bank from the second schedule if the bank concerned fails to fulfill the laid down conditions such(prenominal) as erosion in paid up capital below the prescribed limits and the banks activities became detrimental to the interest of depositors, etc. All banks in India, should keep authentic per centage of their demand and time liabilities as reserves with the RBI. This is known as money Reserve Ratio or CRR. At end November 1999, it is 3 per cent for RRBs and co-operative banks 9 per cent for commercial banks. They also maintain Current Account with RBI for various banking transactions. This centralization o f reserves and accounts enables the RBI to achieve the following (a) normal of money supply credit.(b) Acts as custodian of cash reserves of commercial banks.(c) Strengthen the banking system of the country(d) Exercises effective mark over banks in liquid state Management. (e) Ensures timely financial assistance to the Banks in difficulties. (f) Gives directions to the Banks in their lending policies in the public interest.(g) Ensures elasticity in the credit structure of the country. (h) Quick transfer of funds between member banks.5. Acts as National Clearing HouseIn India RBI acts as the clearing kin for settlement of banking transactions. This function of clearing house enables the other(a) banks to settle their interbank claims easily. Further it facilitates the settlement economically. Where the RBI has no offices of its own, the function of clearing house is carried out in the premises of the State Bank of India.The absolute clearing house operations carried on by RBI a re com consecrateerized. The inter-bank cheque clearing settlement is done twice a day. There is a separate route for clearing high value cheques of Rs.1.00 lakh and above. Cheques drawn on banks in metropolitan cities are cleared on the same day. The RBI carries out this function through a cell known as National Clearing Cell. In 1998, there were in all 860 clearing houses in operation of which 14 were run by RBI, 578 by SBI and others by public sector banks.The RBI acts as a lender of last resort or emergency fund provider to the other member banks. As such, if the commercial banks are not able to get financial assistance from any other sources, then as a last resort, they can approach the RBI for the necessary financial assistance. In such situations, the RBI provides credit facilities to the commercial banks on eligible securities including genuine trade bills which are usually made available at Bank treasure. RBI rediscounts bills under Section 17 (2) and 17 (3) and grants adv ances against securities under Section 17 (4) of RBI Act. However, many of these transactions are practically carried out through separate agencies the like DHFI, Securities Trading Corporation of India, primary dealers. The RBI now mainly provides refinance facilities as direct assistance. Rediscounting of bills fall under the following categories (i) Commercial BillA bill arising out of bonfire commercial or trade transaction drawn and payable in India and mature within 90 geezerhood from the pick up of obtain or discount is eligible for rediscount. (ii) Bills for Financing Agricultural OperationsA bill issued for purpose of financing seasonal agricultural operations or the marketing of crops and maturing within 15 months from the date of purchase or rediscount. (iii) Bills for Financing Cottage and Small Scale Industries Bills drawn or issued for the purpose of financing the production and marketing of products of cottage and small industries canonical by RBI and mature with in 12 months from the date of discount. Refinance under agricultural and small scale industries activities are now provided by NABARD by obtaining financial assistance from RBI. Bill for holding or trading in Government securities Such a bill should mature within 90 days from the date of purchase or rediscounting and be drawn and payable in India, (iv) Foreign billsBonfire bill arising out of export of goods from India and which mature within clxxx days from the date of shipment of goods are eligible. As lender of last resort the RBI facilitates the following (a) Provides financial assistance to commercial banks at the time of financial necessarily. (b) It helps the commercial banks in maintaining liquidity of their financial resources. (c) Enables the commercial banks to carry out their activities with minimum cash reserves. (d) As a lender of last resort, the RBI can exercise full control over the commercial banks. 7. Acts as the mark offler of doctrineThe RBI controls the cre dit creation by commercial banks. For this, the RBI uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The important methods used by RBI are, (i) Bank Rate Policy(ii) Open Market Operation(iii) Variation of Cash Reserve Ratio(iv) Fixing Margin Requirements(v) Moral Suasion(vi) Issue of Directives(vii) Direct ActionBy controlling credit, the RBI achieves the following(a) Maintains the desired direct of circulation of money in the economy. (b) Maintains the stability in the price take aim prevailing in the economy. (c) Controls the effects of trade cycles(d) Controls the fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate(e) indicate credit to the productive sectors of the economy 8. Custodianof Foreign Exchange ReservesThe RBI acts as the custodian of foreign exchange reserves. Adequate reserves may help maintain foreign exchange rates. In order to minimize the undue fluctuations in the rates it may buy and sell foreign currencies depending upon the situations. Its purchase and sale of foreig n currencies from the market is done like commercial banks. However, the objective of the RBI will not be profit booking. It may buy the foreign currency to build up adequate reserves or to arrest unwarranted rise in the value of rupee which may be due to sudden inflow of foreign currencies into India. It may also buy and sell foreign currencies in international market to switch the portfolio of investings denominated in unlike international currencies depending upon circumstances and needs. The value of Indias Foreign Exchange reserves held by RBI as on June 1998 amounted to Rs.115001 crore.This amount comprises of gold Rs.12826 crore, foreign currency assets and value of IMF currency, viz., SDR (Special Drawing Rights). These reserves are increased to Rs. 1, 38,005 crore in March 1999. The value of foreign currency assets of RBI, which form the largest portion in Indias Foreign Currency reserves, is subject to changes even on daily basis depending upon ruling exchange rates, inf low and outflow of currencies, intervention policy of the RBI, etc. 9. Exchange ControlWhen a country faces Balance of Payment of problems usually when its foreign exchange payments exceed foreign exchange receipts it controls the whole gamut of fore (foreign exchange) transactions and regulates payment system for its advantage. Ever since the beginning of Second World War in 1939 India faced shortage of forex for its development and growth. A Foreign Exchange Regulation Act was originally put in operation from March 1947 and later a new act known as Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 was introduced from foremost January 1974.Under this Act, RBI is empowered to regulate foreign exchange outgo and inflow, for example, we cannot buy everything we need from abroad and pay for it in forex. Trade side imports, i.e., intersection imports are regulated by Director General Foreign Trade in the Ministry of Commerce. Payment for invisible transactions like tourism, foreign visit, di vidend/interest payment, etc. is regulated by RBI. Similarly, all forex received or earned by residents in India, like exporters and relatives of NRIs Non-resident Indian should be surrendered to banks having license from RBI to deal in forex. However, since 1992, the receivers of forex are permitted to retain genuine part of this forex in a separate foreign currency account if they so desire. Such account is known as Exchange Earners Foreign Currency Account or EEFC Account. Further, since 1994 many controls exercised by RBI on forex payments were relaxed.These days the RBI regulates forex transactions only to a minimum level and soon the Act, FERA may be replaced by a new Foreign Exchange Management Act. While the purchase and sale of forex, maintenance of foreign exchange reserves/gold, are handled in the Department of External investment and operations the control and regulations of various other forex transactions are handled in the Exchange Control Department of Reserve Bank of India. The RBI by its operation of credit control and price stability maintains the internal value of domestic currency and ensures its stability External Value of RupeeIn terms of preamble to RBI Act, the Bank is also required to maintain external, value of the Rupee. It, however, depends upon many factors like rising prices levels, interest rates Balance of payments situation, etc., ruling in different countries on which RBI does not have control. Earlier, till 1993 the RBI uses to prescribe the Exchange Rate of Rupee. The external value of rupee is now determined by market forces. RBI by virtue of its position as the Central Bank of the country and custodian of large forex reserves can influence the level of External Value in the short run. Publishes the Economic Statistics and Other InformationThe RBI collects statistics on economic and financial matters. It publishes periodically an analytical account of the operations of joint stock and co-operative banks. It presents the genuine financial position of the government and companies. The publications like the report on currency and finance, the report on the trend and progress of banking in India, the brush up of co-operative movement present a critical account and a balanced review of banking developments commercial, economic and financial conditions of the country. Fights against Economic CrisisThe RBI aims at economic stability in the country whenever, there is a danger to the economic stability, it takes immediate measures to put the economy on proper course by effective policy changes and implementation thereof. Promotional FunctionsThese are non-monetary functions. They include the following 1. Promotion of Banking Habits The RBI institutionalizes economic system through the promotion of banking habit and expansion of the banking system territorially and functionally. Accordingly RBI has set up Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1962, social unit Trust of India in 1964, the IDBI in 1964, the Agr icultural Refinance Corporation in 1963, Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India in 1972, NABARD in 1982 and the National Housing Bank in 1988, etc. It has helped to bring into existence several industrial finance corporations such as Industrial Finance Corporation of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India for industrialization of the country. Similarly sector specific corporations took care of development in their respective spheres of activity. 2. Provides Refinance for Export PromotionThe RBI takes the initiative for siding facilities for the provision of finance for foreign trade particularly of exports. The Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) and Exam Banks render useful functions on this line. To encourage exports the RBI is providing refinance facilities for export credit given by commercial banks. Further the rate of interest on export credits continues to be prescribed by RBI at a lower rate. The ECGC provides an insurance cover on E xport receivables. EXIM Bank extends long term finance to project exporters and foreign currency credit for promotion of Indian exports. Students should know that many of these institutions were part of Reserve Bank earlier although they are currently functioning as separate financial institutions. 3. Facilities for AgricultureThe RBI extends indirect financial facilities to agriculture regularly. Through NABARD it provides short-term and long-term financial facilities to agriculture and allied activities. It established NABARD for the overall administration of agricultural and rural credit. Indian agriculture would have starved of a cheap credit but for the institutionalization of rural credit by RBI. The Reserve Bank was extending financial assistance to the rural sector mainly through contributions to the National Rural Credit Funds being operated by NABARD.RBI presently makes only a symbolic contribution of Rs.1.00 crore. It, however, extends cheap indirect financial assistance to the agricultural sector by providing large sums of money through General Line of Credit to NABARD. The loans and advances extended to NABARD by RBI and outstanding as on June 1999 amounted to Rs.5073 crore. 4. Facilities to Small Scale IndustriesThe RBI takes active steps to increase the supply of credit to small industries. It gives directives to the commercial banks regarding the extension of credit facilities to small scale industries. It encourages commercial banks to provide guarantee services to SSI sector. Banks advances to SSI sector are classified under priority sector advances. SSI sector contributes to a very great extent to employment opportunities and for Indian Exports. Keeping this in view, RBI has directed commercial banks to open specialized SSI bank branches to provide adequate financial and technical assistance to SSI branches. There are around 30 lakh SSI units operating in India. Meeting their financial needs is one of the prime concerns of RBI. 5. Helps Co-o perative SectorRBI extends indirect financing to State Co-operative Banks thereby connects the cooperative sector with the main banking system of the country. The finance is mostly, is routed through NABARD. This way the financial needs of agricultural sector are taken care of by RBI. 6. Prescription of Minimum Statutory Requirements for BanksThe RBI prescribes the minimum statutory requirements such as, paid up capital, reserves, cash reserves, liquid assets, etc. RBI prescribes reserves requirements both under Banking Regulation Act and RBI Act to ensure different objectives. For example, SLR prescription is done to ensure liquidity position of the bank. CRR prescription is done to have effective monetary control and money supply. Statutory Reserves annexation is done to ensure sound banking system, etc. It also asksbanks to set aside provisions against possible bad loans. With these functions, it exercises control over the monetary and banking systems of the country to ensure gro wth, price stability and sound banking practices. C. Supervisory FunctionsThe Reserve Bank of India performs the following supervisory functions. By these functions it controls and administers the entire financial and banking systems of the country. 1. Granting License to BanksThe RBI grants license to the banks, which like to commence their business in India. Licenses are also required to open new branches or closure of branches. With this power RBI can ensure turning away of unnecessary competitions among banks in particular location evenly growth of banks in different regions, adequate banking facility to various regions, etc. This power also helps RBI to weed out undesirable people from starting banking business. 2. Function of Inspection and EnquiryRBI inspects and makes enquiry in respect of various matters covered under Banking Regulations Act and RBI Act. The inspection of commercial banks and financial institutions are conducted in terms of the provisions contained in Bank ing Regulation Act. These refer to their banking operations like loans and advances, deposits, investment functions and other banking services. Under such inspection RBI ensures that the banks and financial institutions carry on their operations in a prudential manner, without taking undue lay on the line but aiming at profit maximization within the existing rules and regulations. This type of inspection is carried on periodically once a year or cardinal covering all branches of banks.Banks are obliged to take remedial measures on the lapses / deficiencies pointed out during inspection. In addition RBI also calls for periodical information concerning certain assets and liabilities of the banks to verify that the banks continue to remain in good health. This type of inspection / verification is known as off- site inspection. The RBI team visiting bank offices to conduct verification of books and records is known as on- site inspection. RBI inspects banks under RBI Act only when the re is a threat to close down a bank for mismanagement and there is a need to verify the fulfillment of conditions for the status of scheduled bank. RBI presently conducts inspection of commercial banks, Development Financial Institutions like IDBI, NABARD, etc. Urban Co- operative Banks and non banking financial companies like Lease Financing Companies, Loan Companies. 3. Implementing the Deposit Insurance SchemeRBI Implements the Deposit Insurance Scheme for the benefit of bank depositors. This supervisory function has improved the standard of banking in India due to this confidence building exercise. Under this system, deposits up to Rs.1.00 lakh with the bank branch are guaranteed for payment. Deposits with the banking system alone are covered under the scheme. For this purpose banking system include accounts maintained with commercial banks, co- operative banks and RRBs. Fixed Deposits with other financial institutions like ICICI, IDBI, etc. and those with financial companies ar e not covered under the scheme. ICICI is since merged with ICICI Bank Ltd. and IDBI is getting converted into a bank. 4. Periodical Review of the Working of the Commercial BanksThe RBI periodically reviews the work done by commercial banks. It takes suitable steps to enhance the efficiency of the banks and make various policy changes and implement programmes for the well-being of the nation and for improving the banking system as a whole. 5. Controls the Non-Banking Financial CorporationsRBI issues necessary directions to the Non-Banking financial corporations and conducts inspections through which it exercises control over such institutions. Deposit taking NBFCs require permission from RBI for their operations.

A Rose for Emily: Emily as a Tradition, a Duty and a Care Essay

Emily Grierson is the title character in the short story A Rose for Emily. The narrator portrays Emily as a tradition, a duty, and a care, (Faulkner,79) but in her actions, it is obvious that Emily is a true outsider. She shuts out the townspeople, only allowing them to see certain aspects of herself and leaves them to speculate the rest. She lives with her vex until his close. Any chance at lovemaking for Emily was denied due to her father driving po tennertial men away so that he could have her all to himself. Having been sheltered and secluded by her father, she continues to lead that winning of lifestyle after his death.Miss Emilys home fits in with her character. Both are dark and mysterious. Emily rarely lets people into her life to see the real her so she remains dark and mysterious. Her home is also closed off to the townspeople. She rarely allows people into her home, and those that do find it layered with dust. The house is also falling into decline which also coincide s with Emilys aging and bloated and pallid appearance.It is clear that Mr. Grierson was extremely manageling of Emily. He showed this in his attempt to drive potential suitors away. After his death, Emily attempts to take control by denying that he has passed and refusing to give up his body. Before they can resort to using the law to take his body, Emily finally gives in and releases the body to them so that he can be buried properly. The townspeople are not surprised by her actions. They felt it was something she needed to do because she had nothing left, so she had to cling to the angiotensin converting enzyme thing she did have, and that was her father.Miss Emily follows her own rules. She does not abide by the law like everyone else. A deal had been made that she didnt owe any taxes. Colonel Sartoris told her it was because her father had loaned the town money and therefore the taxes were remitted. When a new generation took over and sent her a note, she either ignored it or sent back the bill with a note. When they came to her home to talk to her about it, she still adamantly refused to pay the bill, telling them she owed none and to speak to Colonel Sartoris about it.Even though the Colonel had been dead for ten years and there was nothing in the books to show that the taxes were remitted, she refused to accept the new authorities and has them shown out. She also refuses to put numbers on her armorbox when federal mail is put into place and in stating why she is buying the poison. No one ever pushes her and forces her to follow the law, it is as if they are afraid to question her or skilful ignore her eccentricity. They all the same refused to bring the multiple complaints of a bad smell to her attention and instead snuck into her yard at night, breaking open the cellar penetration to sprinkle lime in there as well as in all the outbuildings. No one wanted to bother Miss Emily. last a man named Homer Barron comes to town. He begins to spend judg ment of conviction with Miss Emily. At first the townspeople are happy that someone has piqued her interest. Many approximation that they would eventually marry, even though Homer states that he is not the marrying kind. Many feel that she will find a way to persuade him to marry even though it seems as though he is interested in men. Eventually, the townspeople all believe that they will soon be married because of items that Emily buys for Homer. Homer leaves at one point while Miss Emily has family visiting. The townspeople see him return, but it is the last they see of him.This is when Emilys failure to follow the law takes a turn. She was neer questioned on why she needed the arsenic. It of course gets around town that she has purchased it, and they all believe she will kill herself. Even though Homer is never seen over again and even though her home is mainly closed up until her death, except for the few years she teaches china painting, no one ever thinks that the arsenic i s creation used in a more(prenominal) sinister way.After Miss Emilys death, the townspeople come to pay their respects. The men do so more out of respect while the women are more interested in seeing her home after all these years. It is soon discovered that Homer Barrons dead body is lying in a bed in one of the rooms. Next to his body, on the pillow, it is clear that Miss Emily has spent cadence set there beside him. It is clear that Miss Emily couldnt bear the thought of Homer abandoning her, so she poisoned him so that she would always have him with her. She clung to him just as she had her father, but this time she found a way to make sure Homer would not be removed from her home.No one ever calls Miss Emily crazy, even though she had a great aunt that had gone crazy. All her actions are just thought of as part of her eccentric ways. No one thinks to question her or what she does. It is clear that Emily is suffering from some sort of mental illness. She clearly shows she ha s abandonment issues after being sheltered by her father. She refuses to accept or reveal his death until forced to do so. It is also clear in her actions of poisoning Homer Barron. After her fathers death, the narrator states that she was sick for a long time after that.It seems as if maybe she had some sort of mental breakdown after she is left alone. If only her father hadnt sheltered her so more and refused to allow her to find love and seek friendship, she would not have acted in such desperate ways. If she could have gotten help to get over her fears or was capable to talk to someone about it, maybe Homer would not have been poisoned. Although her actions and the outcome were tragic, in a way you have to feel bad for her because she was following the example that her father set for her. He desperately clung to her and in turn, she desperately clung to the men she cared for.

Critically examine the architecture, routines, and culture (ARC) framework of organisational design as proposed by Saloner, Shepard and Podolny in Strategic Management Essay

The end of an formation is highly crucial for a degenerate in todays ball in order for it to achieve and sustain its matched proceeds that lead place the watertight in a powerfuler position than its rivals. The firm back see the comp singlents of arrangement physique, fit these elements with one a nonher and with the strategy, to cushion the firms performance. Hence, the goal for the organization is to aim a good fit between the firms design and its competitive proceeds in order for the firm to be strategically aligned with the strategy. Any effective design pull up stakes have to address 2 general bothers the coordination and fillip problems and must do so in a way that supports the establishments strategy.The firm skunk watch use of the Architecture, R go forthines and Culture (ARC) framework to grapple these problems. This essay will firstly describe how the ARC framework can be implemented accordingly. An effective design will depend on the 3 elements worki ng together and so, these interactions will be analysed. In addition, the implications of the framework will be examined too. To start, we need to define separately component of the ARC framework. Firstly, the computer architecture refers to the dividing of the firm into subunits and establishing linkages among these groups. Secondly, routines ar the formal and informal procedures while carrying out tasks developed from repetition. They embody established interfaces which pertains certain expectations about what will flow across them and a protocol for accomplishing the transfer.Lastly, culture is the commonly held values and beliefs of individuals in spite of appearance the geological formation and once deeply embedded, is the evaluative criteria for demeanor and decision do in the firm. The 2 main gainsays of organisation design argon the coordination and incentive problems. As they are interrelated, their effects are intertwined and addressing one could impact the other.T he coordination problem refers to the repugn of establishing an organisation design that achieves an efficient deployment of assets within the firm so that it can achieve its objectives as efficiently as possible. There are some(prenominal) crux of the coordination problem balancing the gains from specialisation and the gains from integration and how the decision making process is designed with the need for access to information flows. The incentive problem refers to eliciting the right essence and type of effort in the presence of hidden information and hidden action. It arises from the divergence of interests and objectives of the manager and the shareholders and is most commonly linked to the Principal-Agent problem.Having explained the key concepts, the coordination and incentive problems will be addressed with the ARC framework. In order to construct an organisation building, the firm is broken down into subunits and such delineation impacts information and resource flows within the firm. To tackle this, one has to match an architecture structure which minimises coordination problem. An argument from the Strategic Management would be whether functional or divisional structures would be better to write out with it. A functional organisation is one which groups individuals according to the tasks they perform. The different functional groups (R&D, marketing, finance et.cetra) are clustered together to be overseen by a superior. much(prenominal) a classification of groupings reaps the benefits of specialisation as information communion and learning is facilitated.There is an efficient spread of knowledge and incubation of ideas among the specialists such as in the R&D sector where creative ideas can be built upon others ideas to attain innovation. Functional division allows better problem resolving power process as having similar specialists such as engineers in a group can lead to early detection of a manufacturing glitch and high-velocity solving speed. In addition, there is a clear hierarchy with well-defined positions established within each function. The role of advancement is clear and hence employees are motivated to specialise and invest heavily in human capital to advance.On the other hand, divisional structure differs as the primary subunits are classified based on business divisions and at a lower place each of them are functional sub divisions. This allows for better facilitation of coordination across functions especially as the firm increases in case and scope. If a retail firm divisions according to the different customer group it serves Women and Children, both sub-divisions are served by functional groups. The design team could learn quick about the change in taste of its customer group from the sales team of which will not be possible if the teams did not operate under the same subunit. This supports Alfred Chandlers claim that divisional structure enhances accountability and communication.Hierarchy too, is an important factor to consider when structuring a firm to address coordination problem. Since the communication among managers together with the dissemination of information and shared resources to the groups coordinates the actions of the subunits, the level and nature of hierarchy affects the effectiveness of the communication process. Passing information through each level consumes resources, causes delays and degrades the information by introducing noise and distortion. This justifies the allocation of decision-making rights to those who have the most immediate access to the relevant information. However, decision makers may not know how their decisions will affect the other subunits. apart to address this is to create a formal linking mechanism that coordinates the decision across subunits or to centralise authority for only decisions which require more coordination. Horizontal linkages can also be established across units to achieve coordination. Its mechanisms facilitate information and resource flows without affecting the organisation of the subunits and this allows cooperation across units without sacrificing the gains from specialisation and decentralisation. There are several forms ranging from informal to formal procedures which include personal network, liaison, task forces and integrators. The selection among these options depends on the interdependence among subunits. More interdependent subunits will require a more tightly coupled design.Horizontal linkages benefits are 2 fold they promote information flows and they get the firm away from rigidity. An apt example would be the strategy of the Japanese auto mobile firms located in the United Kingdom. The managers and workers share common facilities and by doing so, horizontal linkages are built in the firm on a less formal setting with a flatter structure. Managers dine with the workers and this provides the platform for the quick dissemination of information and decision making.Under the ARC analysis, routines also solves coordination problem as the established interfaces bring about large coordination gains. With each worker clear of his roles and the procedures, gains from specialisation is reaped. More importantly, huge informational efficiencies are gained as when tasks proceed from one unit to another, minimal amounts of information is needed to be communicated between units as each unit only needs to know the information to carry out its part.Decision making routine also facilitates the decision making process as it is applied every m a decision is made, thereby excluding biased and inefficiency from disagreements among decision makers. Lastly, a routine way for one division to access the resources in another division enables the firm to coordinate in ways that would be difficult if the firm has to make a new resource sharing decision each time.ulture too, induces cooperation. With a common set of beliefs, members of the firm will not approve of actions that vio late the culture of the firm. The workers are naturally coordinated in actions and appropriate behaviour. With a well developed norm of reciprocity, resource and information sharing can be achieved between and across subunits and this enhances cooperation.Also, culture helps employees focus on tasks that are important for the competitive advantage of the firm. The ARC framework can be implemented to deal with the incentive problems as follows. Compensation and reward schemes can be designed to induce desirable behaviour. Financial incentives are a strong motivation for workers to act in profit-maximising behaviour. However, this can lead to the substantial variation compensation over time and it is difficult to ascertain the profit impact of the units activities.To reward more accurately, compensation can be tied to a combination of imperfect indicators of unit performance according to the 4 rules of thumb. However, these indicators are personal and the cost of collecting and analy sing the data could be too great. Architecture structure should also be considered to minimise the incentive problem by affecting the sizeableness of cooperation across units. If decisions cut across 2 separate organisation units, the identities and performances of them are intertwined and this brings a self-interest reason to assist the other and cooperate. However, not fully owning the matter of performance will dilute incentives for individual performance. Architecture has its limitations in dealing with the incentive problem and the other elements are important to better solve it.Routines make better the incentive problem, but also not to a great extent. They do create opportunities to get better indicators of performance of which can be incorporated with the architecture compensation scheme of combining incentives from other indicators of performance. Routines can also automate activities for which it is otherwise difficult to provide incentives for. Lastly, culture plays a stronger rule in addressing the incentive problem as it targets the foundation of the issue of aligning interests. With a strong culture, it is possible to have the firm and subunits share similar goals thereby evoking that particular behaviour from individuals without pecuniary rewards.Suppose a consultancy firms competitive advantage lies in providing effective solutions to their clients problem, it can spread this belief to its employees. If the employees attain considerable triumph from delivering results, they will behave in ways aligned with the companys competitive advantage without the need of the firm to offer financial incentives for this behaviour. However, the difficulty in reinforcing culture has to be accounted for as it could meet resistance in a change in mindset among the employees. Yet once established, culture leads to an effective organisation design. Within the ARC framework, the elements of the organisation design interact with each other to solve the challeng es posed.An example could be how the culture could influence the routines of the firm as the like interfaces could be derived from the culture. With the norm of reciprocity in the firm, resource sharing routine will be established in such a way that subunits are more willing to share resources in order to solve the effective deployment of resources from the coordination problem. Another perspective of the ARC interaction could be how culture affects architecture. If a firm has an open-minded culture, it could direct the style of structure to a flatter hierarchy with more interaction between subordinates and superiors. This encourages improved flow of information asset in the firm. Using the ARC framework suggests many implications for the organisation. Given the complexity and intricate human relationships between the elements of the firms ARC and the organisation design problems, designing the organisation is not as straight forward a task for the managers.The managers will requi re a deep understanding and strong execution of the elements of the firms ARC or more problems could arise. A possible solution proposed by Saloner, Shepard and Podolny is to have a systematic approach to collecting information on the design challenge facing the firm and design elements. There are 2 parts to carrying it out of which the first is to ask and analyse problems that would be addressed if the organisation is restructured. The second part poses questions to gather a good description of the firms current ARC. The managers are to identify any inconsistencies among the elements that are making the organisation less effective as it could be.Although this approach allows more accurate identifying of the weak areas of the ARC, managers will still have to learn by doing and tweak their policies over time for the optimal design. A second implication would be the need for the framework to be dynamic so as to achieve organisation agility. As an organisation is designed to obtain a c ompetitive advantage for the firm, it is pertinent that the nature of itscompetitive advantage is considered. The organisation design has to be flexible and change in tandem with the changing needs of the competitive advantage. Hence, there is no one best design to accommodate all considerations. Firstly, firms must continually develop and compound its current competitive advantage to meet the challenges of competition (exploiting).Secondly, the firm may want to alter its strategy to pursue another form of competitive advantage (explorer). A retail firm in an economy recession will need to change its competitive advantage to producing lower priced goods to garner market shares and can do this by flexibly changing its incentives to reward the manufacturing department based on sales volume, thereby producing at lower cost. Firms can meet this challenge by possessing elements of both exploration and exploitation to profit. Lastly, does the ARC framework act solely to design an organis ation to achieve the firms competitive advantage? It could work better if complemented with other processes such as innovation. Innovation could be connected with organisation design to ensure a more sustainable competitive advantage.A firm could incentivise its employees based on how good they are in coming up with cutting edge technologies to promote innovation in the firm. In conclusion, the ARC framework has given a reasonable approach to design an organisation. Most of the arguments, however, assume according to Alfred Chandlers view that structure follows strategy. Does this relationship need to follow as such so that the company structure runs parallel to the strategy? I beg to differ as the strategy and structure relates reciprocally and hence, the ARC framework could be at times used at the deciding factor of the companys strategic planning too.

Old Age Home Essay

AbstractThe elderly nation is rising globally and similar trends are being observed non only in Asia but in like manner in Pakistan. A developing country facing several challenges in the form of political instability, lack of sparing growth, low savings of the elderly, weak pension system, wantons life challenging for the elderly. Pakistans demographic trends show that between 1990 till 2010, the population aged 60+ eld increased by 75.1 %. It is projected that the life expectancy will increase to 72 years by 2023. WHO report (1998) projected that 5.6 % of Pakistans population was all over 60 years of age, with a probability of doubling to 11 % by the year 2025. Pakistan is a kindly viscous society and elders are valued and respected. It is ordinarily considered to be the responsibility of the eldest son to take care of their parents. In spite of a socially cohesive society in Pakistan, in or so segments, norms have been changing and recently, one can notice a clear turn d own of the extended family system. Children leave their parents and there is no one who could matter after their needs. Consequently, the abandoned parents land up in oldish homes. With meager resources and a poor understanding of senescence Pakistan faces many challenges in caring as well as provision of facilities for its elderly population. This present report highlights the comparison between the quality of facilities that are provided to older batch in home and cliquish or government institutes. Future possibilities for improvement of facilities for the good health and wellbeing of our elderly are also discussed.Read moreProblems Faced by onetime(a) Age PeopleIntroduction of gerontologyGerontology is an introduction to the field of human aging. Gerontology is multidisciplinary in nature as all aspects of human aging are viewed in this subject. This means that the study of aging combines information from several separate areas of study. Biology, sociology, and psychology a re the core or basic areas, along with circumscribe from many other areas of study such as public policy, humanities, and economics. Gerontology includes the study of physical, mental, and social changes in older people as they age, the investigation of the changes in society resulting from our aging population as well as the application of this knowledge to policies and programs for the assurance of better quality of life for older people in thecommunity, the state and the nation. Taking care of our elders is an Islamic obligation and also an integral cultural norm in Pakistan. Despite being a socially cohesive society the decline of extended family systems is evident. This has affected the respected status of the elderly enjoyed in their later years. As nuclear family system is increasing in urban areas, they are unable to take charge of the elderly due to many socio-economic and cultural constraints. So they have begun to seek assistance from formal institutions engaged in elder ly care.Importance of gerontologyGerontology is very important as people workings in aging report great satisfaction in addressing the challenges of those who are growing older, helping to maintain the quality of their lives, and enjoying the wit, wisdom, and creativity of the older persons with whom they come in contact. Even as a student you can make a difference your community can benefit from volunteer work you do with older persons. Later, as a professional in the field, you can watch to serve the community as a volunteer, for example, by speaking nigh various aspects of aging to civic and community groups or teaching in pre-retirement programs. works in the field of aging provides an opportunity to influence positively the agencies and organizations serving older persons and the legislation and policies that affect their lives. Studying aging also gives you a office on your own aging and insight into the aging of your family members.Review of literatureThe older population has been growing at an unprecedented rate. In 1980, just preliminary to the convening of the First World Assembly on Ageing, there were 378 million people in the world aged 60 years or above. In followed figure has risen to 759 million over the past three decades and is projected to jump to 2 billion by 2050.Actual and projected global population aged 60 years or over, 1980, 2010 and 2050Our Religion stresses a lot on the rights of elderly people and we are asked to serve elderly relatives of our parents if parents are not alive. We makefun of the West that they send their parents to Old Houses and do not bother to inquire about them. Now if we analyze that what is happening to elderly people especially in the poverty struck rural areas it gives us following haunting facts Elderly people die miserably due to lack of regimen and medical attention. They develop psychotic disorders due to depression and dejection. They develop certain diseases by not eating healthy food which is n ot providing the necessary multi-vitamins call for to survive in the old age. Employees Old age benefits pension money is used by their family members. They have very limited social life. wishing of religious and basic education deprived them from doing anything useful to pass the time. Children of even well settled families tend to ignore grandparents who just need to share crawl in with them and focus. Sheltered housing provides social contact and a secure environment that appeal to many older people. Sheltered housing has proven to be best-selling(predicate) for a minority of people as alternatives to residential care or high intensity old homes. They provide flexible care and 2 accommodation suited to those with mobility problems. Satisfaction levels are high, particularly in relation to access to care and the provision of meals. Housing expectations changed, issues with this form of provision started to emerge in the 1980s. The difficulties identify in the provision of shel tered housing are now well known. A review of the factors leading to difficulties with letting sheltered accommodation (in England and Wales, 1994-5) comprise that 92% of local authorities and 79% of large housing associations had encountered many difficulty in letting their stock. Furthermore, 8% of local authorities and 14% of housing associations found over half of their traditional sheltered housing units difficult to let (Tinker et al, 1995). Now be somewhat dated, though the issues encountered have been reiterated since then. Following are the old age homes difficulties or issues have been identified Size of properties was often identified as particularly problematic, with bedsits being the least popular, and single bedroom flats being increasingly seen as too small for older people, particularly couples and those being encouraged to down-size from larger social rented housing.Access difficulties, particularly where properties are on upper traumatise without lift access whe elchair access can also be problematic. Guidance on the development ofnew sheltered housing in Scotland in 1980 undertake that sheltered units should be on ground or first floor, unless a lift was provided (Scottish Development Department, 1980), and this was not revised with more accessible specifications until Housing for alter Needs was introduced in 1998 (Pickles, 1998). The neighborhoods in which sheltered schemes are located have changed significantly since their initial development, with the closing of local shops and services, and reductions in public transport. They may also now be in areas where other housing and social issues make them unpopular for all tenants, not just older people. The introduction of the European working time directive and other developments in human resources mean that the consumption of the scheme manager has had to change. This also reflects the changing client group that is living in sheltered housing. The increasing age of residents in shelter ed schemes meant that the level of incite available from the scheme manager was insufficient, and prior to the developments in widespread community cares and support services, this was a significant issue. Some areas may have an over-provision of sheltered housing units.Richard and Gill Walker, looks into the social context of housing for aged ones. It covers the demographic material, facts about social framework of old homes for older people. This includes a review of demographic information, evidence relating to the needs, perspectives and choices of the aged people with respect to this housing, along the problems of segregation and marginalization and their impact on their livings. Philip O. Sijuwade did his study about Self-Image of Aged which looks into the different approaches , stereotypes, and age factors which regulates suitable behaviors for the older ones(social image). It states that, old ones have developed their self-image too, which depicts the way they think of them selves and the way others think of them. This is establish on primary enquiry states that stereotypes have been built about the aged people of the society and they are not treated in the way they merit to be. Residential satisfaction of the older adults in age-segregated facilities is described by Sandra G. Reynolds and Julia O. Beamish which looks into the housing satisfaction of old home people with liberated living services. twenty one residents contributed as a focus group and results showed that these old people likedsafe and secure atmosphere and value good design, friendly neighborhood, retirement and residential characteristics. G. Clare Wenger and Richard Davis, indicates that main factors of social isolation includes marital status, social interaction, health conditions, behavior of others, type of networking and loss of mobility.They conclude nothing could be generalized about it but trends in society have old ones feeling marginalized on this earth. It can vary on acc ording to personal background and situation. In some cases, older ones are forced to live in a residentially segregated area whereas in other cases, aged people are themselves unforced to have such segregation. The reasons for which older ones preferred institutional living arrangement are for preservation of dignity and respect, peace of mind, avoidance of familial conflict along with the provision by fulfillment of all basic needs, unwillingness to depend on family members on economic and social basis. One of the famous sociologists Livson conducted a research ,The Transition into Retirement and Old Age in 1962 and found that survival of family, economic condition and health condition along with other factors plays important role as individuals adopts to grow old. She is of the view that changes in economic and health status are not only the issues which require our attention. Most important issue is the registration of that particular person into the current situation according to the increasing age.referencesProject funded by a generous grant from Andrus Foundation Copyright 2001 Careers in aginghttp//www.careersinaging.com/careersinaging/what.htmlhttp//www.academia.edu/1854670/Aging_and_Elderly_in_Pakistan http//www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/publications/current-status-older-persons.pdf http//www.careersinaging.com/careersinaging/why.htmlhttp//memberfiles.freewebs.com/84/90/65819084/documents/Aging%20in%20Pakistan.pdf

Extradition and Deportation Views of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia-Herzegovina, form wholey known as Yugoslavia, has been addressing m both pressing issues however, extradition and deportation has been gaining large amounts of attention from Bosnia-Herzegovinas government. Bosnia-Herzegovinas government consists of a multilateral presidency which is divided master(prenominal)ly between Croatian, Serb, and Bosnian political parties. During World War II, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia resisted the Axis powers and were overrun. The attacking axis forces Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and related regimes, Croatia and Serbia partitioned off the land. presently after the partitioning, a civil war sprang up between the Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Chetnik Movement. Not only did this war take place, but there was to a fault genocide connected against the local Serbs, Jews and Roma while Chetniks began to chase the Bosniak and Croat population to perform an ethnic cleansing. With much support given by the U. S. S. R and the joined States of A merica, the Yugoslav Partisans gained more and more power over the opposing forces. Italy and all of the other commanding countries gave up their hold on the partioned land to Germany.After the urban center of Berlin was captured by allied forces, Germany surrendered and the once axis control take countries were released to the allied forces. The Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia assumed control after World War II. This, what you ar doing, is not good. This is the path that you want to take Bosnia and Herzegovina on, the same spiritedway of hell and death that Slovenia and Croatia went on. Dont think that you wont take Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and the Muslim mickle maybe into extinction.Because the Muslim people can buoynot defend themselves if there is war here. Radovan Karadzic, leader of the Serb Democratic Party, said this after hearing talks of Bosnia-Herzegovina separating and gaining its independence from Yugoslavia. From 1991-1992, ethnic lines were being honed in for the country of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bosniak factions had high tension between them and the devil smaller factions, Serbs and Croats. This situation caused the parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina to become fragmented and worthless. Croatia and Yugoslavia signed an armistice while being supervised by the join Nations.The Serb and Croat powers continued to negotiate over the partitioning of Bosnia-Herzegovina. While talks to keep Bosnia a part of Yugoslavia or totally succeeding continued, no agreement was reached. When the referendum had taken place to decide Bosnia-Herzegovinas independence, an estimated 64-67% to 98% of the votes were for independence. Shortly after Bosnia-Herzegovina gained its independence the Bosnian War began. Post the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, there were many Islamic fighters left wing in Bosnia-Herzegovina which sided with Bosnians during the war.After nearly 15 years of trouble from these old allies, a harsh policy was unanimously accepted by both t he Bosniaks, Bosnian Muslim politicians, and the population of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The population of Islamic fighters have become notorious for the fact that much crime and influence of the young Muslim people. A elbow grease known as the Wahhabi movement, run by a fundamentalist group of Islam prevalent in Saudi Arabia, is continuing to grow more and more from armed service by these Islamic fighters.The Bosnian Islamic residential district banned the Wahhabi movement in 1993 which took place during the war when moderate Muslims were being recruited by foreign fighters for their cause. Since the U. S. led invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, Bosnia has seen a wide spread popularity in the Wahhabi movement. The Bosnian Islamic Community has done nothing since the ban in 1993 although, when the Wahhabis began attempting to take control of the Islamic Communitys administrative units and Mosques, the Muslim leaders were made to react.Mustafa Ceric, the grand mufti of Bosnia, began to take a message on a journey to many capitals of the world. This message entailed that the main leaders and financiers of the Bosnian Wahhabi movement were housed in Western Europe, mainly Austria. Ceric decried that action be taken by world leaders to insure that the source Islamic groups did not populate Bosnia. This matter has been put off for some time because any attempt against this movement may sacrifice votes for politicians from the Bosniak nationalist vote.In 2006, pressure was put on the Bosnian government in which a commission was formed to review how nearly 1,500 people gained Bosnian citizenship, almost all fighters from different Muslim countries. Deportations were ordered for commencement shortly after. Anyone should see that you sell this country piece by piece, Muslim by Muslim you betray everything that can be betrayed And be aware that Allah has the power and that you leave behind face Him and answer for the betrayal of Islam and Muslims. After the deportations were nearly in full-swing, a man only place as Hattab27 said the aforementioned quote in a posted threat on you tube against Sulejman Tihic, Haris Silajdzic, and Grand Mufti. This threat entailed that if extradition and deportation were made against these brothers of the country, that a video would be released to destroy the three presidents politically. Due to the possibility of ill treatment of the deportees in their home country they could not be deported. Only two people were deported to their home countries, both last year.Bosnia-Herzegovina feels that strict deportation and extradition laws should be put in effect immediately. These laws would call for the immediate extradition of a person who has committed or who has been associated with a crime. If the said person cannot be extradited for being associated with a crime, then immediate deportation should take place. These crimes would be interpreted by the world-wide Criminal Courts, if this court system cannot perform these duties for what ever reason then a new sub-committee should be erected to act upon these hearings.This court would be United Nations funded and any country that wishes to devote money to this cause is welcome. Although crimes vary from country to country, there should be a summit and amendment created. The amendment would compile a list of laws and regulations for extradition and deportation and the summits will be used to educate countries about the aforementioned amendment. If a country wishes to abide by the amendment then the laws and regulations will take effect immediately.

British policies that have taken place since the end of the Second World War

In this hear I am going to be calculateing at British policies that have publicationn place since the end of the Second World War. The governance have used a mixture of offstage and public upbeat up until today I am going to be looking into what ideologies influence the policies that have been put into place. Also throughout the essay I will explain how ideologies and policies have an effect on certain loving sorts in fleeowship. The term ideology is the beliefs and beliefs of an individual or a group about how the world should be.There are considers of different political ideologies the main two I will be looking into are Liberalism and hearty reformism. However both of these ideologies overlap with Marxist and nonprogressive views which I will look at broadly. The archetypical ideology I am going to look at is Social reformism similarly cognise as social democracy. This emerged from the late 1800s and was set up from the cope unions and non conformist churches mu ch(prenominal) as Methodist in Britain. This ideology has very strong values in helpering and supporting people who are worse off than their selves.They remember that the government has a duty to look after the worse off in society, and they try to do this through the welfare state. They believe that democratic change is the way preceding to succeeding in society, this usually means voting will be used to determine what changes are make. Social reformism believes that the government should interfere with the live onning of society and that the large industries should all is state owned. Another one of their images is for everyone to have fit opportunities, also a part of this is the belief that if you have a big income that you should be taxed according to this.Read also Analyze the Ways in Which British Imperial PoliciesThis means that the rich will be getting taxed more than the sorry which will mean the money will be put into the state to help the worse off, to help everyo ne become more equal and have equal chances in life. The second ideology I am going to look at is Liberalism which is the philosophy of john Locke, Adam smith and John Stuart Mill. This ideology chiefly started in the 1600s as a movement against the power of the monarchy however became more dominant in the 1800s. The Liberalists stand for freedom and protection of peoples rights and equality between everyone.Liberalists believe that the government should have none or very little involvement with the running of society. This includes limiting the state owned businesses and government powers over industries. From a economics point of view Liberalism believes that we should have a free market and free enterprise over the world. They encourage free trade so much in order to move forward towards being a more successful capitalist society. Liberalism does not want the state complicated in the economy ect, as they believe it works best without any political input from the government.Howe ver as the liberalists believe in the protection of kind rights they accept input in policing, courts, and the military as these are provided to protect individuals. The next ideology Im going to look briefly at is Marxism also known as socialism. Marxism was offset printing introduced by Karl Marx who believed in having a classless society in the 1600s. Marxists believed that at that place were two main groups who were relevant in making the economic system worked. He called them the Bourgeoisie who are the owners of industry, and the proletariat who are the on the job(p) class.Ap World History Units 1-3 Study GuideThe Marxist idea is that the owners of industry exploit the working class to make as much profit out of them as possible. The Marxists notice this and have a view that a revolution should take place which would let the working class rise against the ruling class. Marxists believed that the state should be fully involved in society such(prenominal) as owning industrie s, and have control over health armorial bearing, housing and a dear(p) welfare system to ensure everyone has equal opportunities at having a good life and a good standard of living.The last ideology that was mainly used was conservatism which emerged at the conviction of the French revolution 1789. Conservatism has a very traditional approach and believes in maintaining the status quo or having very little slow change. This ideology believes that the class system in our society works. They believe that having an upper class, middle class and working class is a functional way to live. They believe that we should be cap equal to help the poor but not as well as much that they get dependent on societies input into helping them.In 1939 was the beginning of World War 2, where Britain took place in one of the toughest wars known to history. The war affected everyone in the country as individuals, businesses and families. N villainyle Chamberlain was the Prime minister of Britain at the beginning of World War 2, however in 1940 Chamberlain decided to abdicate and Winston Churchill became Prime Minister. Post war governments throughout 1945-1975 steered the economy and all the political parties to continue and to further support the welfare state.This time is also known as the kaynesian and Beveridgian period. William Beveridge was a social reformist who was asked to carry out a a report which was released in 1942. He believed that the government should pay to provide basic welfare, and take responsibility for helping the unemployed and people in poverty. In his report he said that the government should be able to tackle the 5 evil giants Which are Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. The Beveridge report is such an important part of history because the Beveridge report helped produce the welfare state.Kaynes was an economist which argued that in times of recessions the government should charge into the economic system to help create jobs for people . This would be a good idea because as people now have jobs they will then be able to pay their money slowly okay into the economy. However when the economy is booming the government should be able to have the power to be able to slow down the economy by introducing more taxes, this is so people dont demand more goods as this may lead to inflation. or so the time just after the war there were a lot of social reformist approaches.Firstly The National Health Service Act (1948) was introduced. This stage was established to give people a right to a free health service and free medical treatment for everyone. However when this Act was first mentioned GPs were not fond of the idea and didnt want to join. However this Act has affected many people throughout Britain For years such as Working Class Families. This Act has given them the opportunity to have free health care where as they may not have been able to afford medical treatment before which means we as a country are saving more li ves through the NHS.The next Act i am going to look at is the National Insurance Act (1946). At this stage when the Act was first introduced everyone had to pay into it (employer, employee, and the government) which entitles you to sick pay and a pension. The next Act was the Childrens Act (1948), this gave the government responsibilities for looking after children in Britain and having the main power for the Childs Protection . Throughout 1946-1948 housing Acts were also introduced to help people get a better living standard. Between 1950-1975 we currently had nationalised industries.This meant that the government owned most of the large industries such as Coal, gas and electric. inside this time period the government also decided to get rid of the Grammar schools which meant also scrapping the 11+ exam and introduce comprehensive schools, which was also a social reformist idea. However they did decide not to abolish private schools which meant this also had a sense of a conservati ve approach. This is because memory the private schools is only keeping the class difference the same of if anything making the gap larger.In the late 1970s family income support was introduced. This policy was pretty much the same as working tax credits however this meant that your income was supplemented to a good living standard. This was introduced to try and not let people get into the poverty cycle, people went through a means testing processes which the government believed was done very fairly and reached out to help a lot more people who were struggling or perhaps not entitled to the original benefit.From 1979-1997 lots of changes were being made to society when the conservatives where in power. Margret Thatcher a conservative, re introduced a Liberalist approach into society. Even though Thatcher stood for the conservative party she introduced a lot of Liberalist ideas into the policies between 1979 and 1997. This idea of a new liberalist approach was known as The New Rig ht. Thatcher believed that the state was being used too much and was too involved in peoples lives.This era is known as the welfare break up, as Margret Thatcher was very Anti welfare state and in favour for lowering the income tax. Thatcher decided to start De nationalising industries because she believed they were inefficient and there were way too many people employed. The railway, coal, BT and parts of the NHS were a a couple of(prenominal) industries which where effected who were put into the hands of the private sector rather than the government meaning a lot of people loosing their jobs which is also a Liberalist approach.At this time the conservatives also tried to cut the welfare benefits however did not successes with this due to the government worrying about riots because unemployment was at its highest at 4million which would leave a lot of people fending for them selves. However slight changes were made to the welfare system where they cut 16-18 year olds being able to get welfare benefits. This was because they wanted too carry on teenagers to go and get a job or go into learning, this is where the government intruded the youth training system to help young people.In 1997 Labour won the election by a landslide victory making Tony Blaire MP. In the 1980s before Labour were elected collectives argued with social reformists within the labour party. This made just about of the MPs leave the labour party who chose to create a social democrat party, which has now formed into the Liberal democrat party. He also decided to change the name to New Labour as apposed to Old Labour as they had removed slightly of their socialist ideology. They came up with an idea of a third way approach, this meant that they were able to take bits of ideologies and put them together to win votes.One example of this is labour not changing some of the privatisation of the NHS which would win over voters from more of a conservative hazardground. Through 1997-2010 there w ere lots of policies introduced by the Labour government. Some of the policies took a very Liberalist approach and some took a Social reformism approach. I am firstly going to look at the policies which were introduced by social reformism under Labour government. The first Policy i am going to look at is the National Minimum wage. This was introduced so that people were able to only sell their labour for a good standard aggregate of money.This is also to helps people (especially working class) not to fall into poverty as they will be guaranteed a liveable wage. The minimum wage has changed since it was first brought in, as the minimum wage now stands at ?6. 08 for workers over the age of 21. Also to be re introduced was Working family tax credits, which Labour increased the amount of money people where able to get to supplement their income which reached out to working class families to help them have a better standard of living. The government were also very fond of trying to tack le child poverty.They did this by injecting money in to schools in low income areas to help the children get a better education in that area, and also supplying children with after school clubs and breakfast clubs to help families struggling financially. Another major policy brought in by Labour is moving in seekers allowance. This was introduced to help people get back into work and to support them financially whilst doing so. Most of these policies introduced by social reformism under Labour government are there to help families with low income living in low income areas.Labour also had policies which were introduced by Liberalism. Firstly Labour continued to slowly de nationalise industries and introduce agencies to run the government department. Therefore this Liberalist view is mostly advantaging the Upper/middle class. This is because if Labour are still privatising parts of the welfare state for example social care the working class are going to be unable to pay for these se rvices due to low income. Gordon Brown was elected for Labour in 2007 where Britain fell into a economical crisis.He then went to nationalise the banks which meant the government had to buy shares or all parts of the banks to ensure they didnt go under, which is a socialist idea. In 2010 the Coalition government came into power which consisted of the Liberal democrats and Conservatives. There aims for Britain are to be able to reduce government spending by cutting back on the welfare, education and local government services which is based on Liberalist Ideology. Up to the present day to day Britain is still struggling to get back on its feet after the recession however things are improving.

National Strategy for Combating Terrorism Essay

In the young years, global terrorist act has come into picture as a serious problem that scuppers the ground pacification. The world community has expressed deep concern over the menace of terrorism in different move of the world. Terrorism has struck countries like the United States, India and countries in Middle East and other parts of Asia. The terrorist effort on September 11, 2001 oblige the United States to take a tough posture on this issue. The George render administration gradeulated a national strategy for competitivenessing terrorism, known as the bush-league Doctrine.However, the war on Afghanistan and Iraq also revived the debate over the principles of the dependable War Doctrine that exists for centuries. These two doctrines are incompatible in nature. A large number of throng believe that the Bush Doctrine violates the basic principles of rightful(prenominal) War. Just War Doctrine Just War al airs distinguishes between justifiable and unjustifiable oc casion of force. The main objective of Just War is to restrain the use of arm and use them just when the tranquillity and justice are in danger. A war always causes widespread destruction.It results in the killing of unprejudiced civilians and creates economic and social turbulence. Although the war ends within a few days and or months, the survivors feel the come to for the years to come. People from different sections of the hostelry always questioned the use of violence to preserve peace. Although killing is morally non justified, the inevitable war between states much leads to mass killing. Just War Doctrine aims at the protection of unarmed civilians and the need for necessary measures to minimize deaths.Just War is a theory dependable by the Catholic Church. The Catechisms teachings on Just War forbid the intentional destruction of gentle life. It states that all the citizens and governments must work for peace. However, it allows a country to go to war for its self -defense if all peace efforts have failed. Just War theory believes in the principle of legitimate self-defense in the form of war. However, the menace must be real and grave and at that place should be no alternative to bar war . It completely denounces initiating armed conflict without both provocation.The main principles of Just War are ? onward going into war, it is necessary to explore all non-violent options to resolve the conflict. ? A legitimate authority must admit the use of violent force by using discretionary power. ? A Just War fought against wickedness with right intentions, is always justifiable. ? It prohibits States from using unnecessary use of force. Peace is the ultimate goal of a Just War. ? Just War allows use of force only against the armed combatants. It requires all States to take necessary locomote to avoid civilian casualties .Just War makes a clear distinction between the use of arms against sovereign nations and the political compulsion of going to war. Nobody can justify the mass killings. However, the circumstances often warrant such an action. A Just War is defensive and cannot be aggressive under any circumstances. The main concern in every war is the loss of lives and property. Civilians always suffer heavily whenever there is a war. Just War Doctrine strongly emphasizes on protecting the lives of innocent civilians. National dodge for Combating Terrorism (Bush Doctrine)In the wake of the terrorist attack on 9/11, President George Bush led the way to fight against global terrorism. The military doctrine of the United States had been a policy of deterrence for years. George Bush changed it into a policy of striking at the countries that threatens the interests of the United States. Under the Bush Doctrine, the United States adopted the idea of pre-emptive strikes on the suspected countries. The Bush Doctrine is a national strategy for combating terrorism. The new doctrine clearly states that the US would not allow any c ountry to question its military supremacy.It also believes that the US has a bigger role to play in maintaining peace in the world by waging war against the rascal nations and terrorists. It denounced terrorism in strong words and calls for non-compromise on its national interests . The need of a comprehensive strategy to combat terrorism has get down necessary keeping the strong capabilities of the terrorists. By using weapons of mass destruction, terrorists sent a clear signal that they could launch attacks on important installations at their will.The Bush Doctrine identified manageable threats in three categories. These potential threats are global terrorist organizations, states that harbor such organizations and rogue states. It defined rogue states as states that oppress their own citizens and squander the national properties for the self-interest of the rulers. Countries that disregard international law and threaten their neighbors are also fall in the same category. In th is context, the Bush Doctrine termed Iraq, North Korea and Iran as rogue states. However, the focus was on Iraq.The US policy stated in clear terms that it would not wait and watch until the rogue nations acquire or develop the weapons of mass destructions and use them to destroy the reality . Preemptive strike is not a substitute for the non-military measures such as financial sanctions and diplomatic queasy to isolate a nation that practices dangerous propaganda. It is just an add-on policy to combat the new threat of invisible war launched by the terrorist groups. The main objective of the Bush Doctrine is not to tolerate the dismal act of terrorism in any form. ConclusionIn the past decades, people from some sections of the society developed new ways of terrorizing people to force the government and administration to meet their demands. Suicidal attacks in the United States, India, Israel and Iraq are the examples of the newly developed way of warfare. There is little option left with the states to take terrorism. A full-fledged war against terrorism and countries harboring terrorists has become inevitable. In this context, the Bush Doctrine seems to be an legal option. The leaderships in the world always explored ways for dialogue and discussion to tackle such problems.However, from the recent incidents, it has become clear that bringing the terrorists into negotiating table is almost impossible. They hardly showed any willingness to enter into dialogues. Their intransigent attitude forced the governments to take tough decision in curbing terrorism. Many people question the policy of the Bush Doctrine citing the principles of Just War Doctrine. However, in the recent years the world witnessed deadly acts of terrorism that killed thousands of people and caused loss of public and private property. In such a scenario, war against terrorism becomes completely justifiable.The only concern is about the loss of civilian lives. States going to war must addre ss this concern right on and take necessary steps to avoid this.BibliographyDolan, Chris J. In War We Trust The Bush Doctrine and the interest of Just War. Burlington, VT Ashgate, 2005. Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Just War Against Terror The Burden of American Power in a Violent World. New York Basic Books, 2003. Daalder, Ivo H. , James M. Lindsey, & James B. Steinberg. The Bush National Security Strategy An Evaluation. uppercase Brookings Institution, 2002.

Case Vignettes in Acid-Base Balance Essay

prefer three of the four vignettes and BRIEFLY answer the questions that follow. Normal Levels of Substances in the Arterial BloodpH 7.40 + 0.05pCO2 (partial air pressure of carbon dioxide) 40 mm HgpO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) 90 100 mm Hg haemoglobin O2 saturation 94 100 %HCO3- 24 meq / lambertVignette 1A 14-year-old young woman with cystic fibrosis has complained of an increased cough productive of green sputum over the last week. She also complained of be increasingly short of intimation, and she is noticeably wheezing on physical examination. Arterial line of descent was drawn and sampled, telling the following valuespH 7.30pCO2 50 mm HgpO2 55 mm Hg haemoglobin O2saturation45 %HCO3- 24 meq / literQuestions1. How would you classify this girls acid-base status?2. How does cystic fibrosis cause this acid-base imbalance?3. How would the kidneys try to compensate for the girls acid-base imbalance? 4. List some(prenominal) former(a) causes of this type of acid-base dis turbance. Vignette 2A 76-year-old man complained to his wife of severe sub-sternal chest pains that radiated dismantle the inside of his left arm.Shortly by and byward, he collapsed on the living room floor. Paramedics arriving at his house moreover splendids later found him unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. CPR and electroconvulsive shock were required to start his meaning beatingagain. Upon arrival at the Emergency Room, the man started to regain consciousness, complaining of severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and continued chest pain. On physical examination, his vital signs were as follows Systemic blood 85 mm Hg / 50 mm pressure HgHeart rate 175 beats / minuteRespiratory rate 32 breaths / minuteTemperature 99.2oFHis breathing was labored, his pulses were rapid and weak everywhere, and his skin was common cold and clammy. An ECG was done, revealing significant Q waves in most of the leads. Blood testing revealed markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (C PK) levels of cardiac muscle origin. Arterial blood was sampled and revealed the following pH 7.22pCO2 30 mm HgpO2 70 mm HgHemoglobin O2 saturation 88 %HCO3- 2 meq / literQuestions5. What is the diagnosis? What say supports your diagnosis? 6. How would you classify his acid-base status? What specifically caused this acidbase disturbance? 7. How has his body started to compensate for this acid-base disturbance? 8. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette 3An elderly gentleman is in a coma after suffering a severe stroke. He is in the intensive care unit and has been placed on a ventilator. Arterial blood gas measurements from the patient reveal the followingpH 7.50pCO2 30 mm HgpO2 100 mm HgHemoglobin O2 saturation 98%HCO3- 24 meq / literQuestions9. How would you classify this patients acid-base status?10. How does this patients hyperventilation pattern raise the pH of the blood? 11. How might the kidneys respond to this acid-base disturbance? 12. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance.